SLPA 6713 Exam 1 Study Guide

Neuropathology

The branch of science for studying nervous system diseases.

CN I - Olfactory

Smell (sensory component, no motor).

CN II - Optic

Vision (sensory component, no motor).

CN III - Oculomotor

Sensations from eye muscles (sensory) and eye movements, pupil construction (motor).

CN IV - Trochlear

Sensations from eye muscles (sensory) and eye movements (motor).

CN V - Trigeminal

Sensations from skin of face, nose, mouth (sensory) and chewing, swallowing (motor).

CN VI - Abducens

Sensations from eye muscles (sensory) and eye movement (motor).

CN VII - Facial

Taste (anterior 2/3), head visceral sensations (sensory); facial expressions, crying, salivation, vessel dilation (motor).

CN VIII - Vestibulocochlear

Hearing and equilibrium (sensory and no motor).

CN IX - Glossopharyngeal

Taste/sensation from throat, posterior 1/3 tongue (sensory); swallowing, salivation, vessel dilation (motor).

CN X - Vagus

Taste/sensation from neck, thorax, posterior 1/3 tongue (sensory); swallowing, larynx, parasympathetic heart/viscera (motor).

CN XI - Spinal Accessory

No sensory; shoulder/head movement, parasympathetic to viscera (motor).

CN XII - Hypoglossal

Sensation from tongue muscles (sensory) and movement of tongue (motor).

Anterior View of Brain

Shows the frontal lobe and longitudinal fissure (front of cerebrum).

Lateral View of Brain

Shows each lobe of the cerebrum (side view of brain).

Midsagittal View of Brain

Shows cerebrum, cerebellum, brainstem, thalamus, midbrain, fourth ventricle, pineal gland, parieto-occipital sulcus, corpus callosum.

Sagittal Plane

A vertical cut passing longitudinally, dividing the brain into unequal left and right portions.

Posterior View of Brain

Shows the back portion of the cerebrum (occipital lobe).

Inferior View (Ventral)

Shows the base of the brain, olfactory tracts, and/or optic chiasm (bottom).

Superior View (Dorsal)

Shows the top of the brain.

Proximal

Proximal: toward the trunk (closest).

Distal

away from the trunk (farthest).

Sagittal

vertical cut passing longitudinally, divides into left and right portion (unequal)

Coronal Plane

Frontal plane; a cut that divides the brain into front and back parts.

Horizontal/Transverse/Axial Plane

A cut that divides the brain into top and bottom parts.

Paul Broca & Patient "Tan"

Theorized language production is in left frontal lobe; patient only said "tan" but had intact language comprehension. After his death, Broca's autopsy revealed a lesion in the left front lobe (Broca's area), establishing that this region is critical for speech production.

Myasthenia Gravis & Alzheimer's

Neurological disorders associated with acetylcholine deficiency.

Parkinson's Disease

Neurological disorder associated with too little dopamine.

ALS & Stroke

Neurological disorders associated with too much glutamate.

Schizophrenia

Psychiatric/neurological disorder associated with not enough dopamine.

Depression & Anxiety (Neurotransmitters)

Associated with low levels of serotonin.

Seizures

Associated with too much glutamate and too little GABA.

Function Barriers

Problems in body function or alterations in body structure.

Activity Barriers

Difficulties in executing activities in daily living.

Participation Barriers

Problems with involvement in any area of life.

Environmental Factors

Environmental: the interactive world.

Personal factors

factors in relation to the person with the disorder.

Neurological Facilitators

Neuroplasticity and SLP training in neuroscience.

Prefrontal Cortex Damage

Causes executive dysfunction, poor impulse control, apathy, short-term memory loss, and personality changes, as a result of a depressive profiles associated with damage to the prefrontal cortex.

Phineas Gage

Case study of a rod through the brain that altered personality and emotional regulation, as a result of a depressive profiles associated with damage to the prefrontal cortex.

Damage to left prefrontal cortex

Left damage: depression, sadness, frustration as a result of a depressive profiles associated with damage to the prefrontal cortex.

Damage to right prefrontal cortex

apathy, low emotional regulation as a result of a depressive profiles associated with damage to the prefrontal cortex.

Corpus Callosum

Big bundle of fibers connecting the left and right hemispheres.

Afferent fibers

Afferent: sensory pathways toward brain/spinal cord.

Efferent fibers

motor pathways away from brain/spinal cord.

Association Fibers

Unite different parts of the same cerebral hemisphere (brain interconnectivity)

Projection Fibers

Unite the cortex with the lower parts of the brain and spinal cord. (brain interconnectivity)

Commissural Fibers

Coherent white matter structures that connect the two hemispheres of the brain. (brain interconnectivity)

Anterior/Ventral

Anterior/Ventral: towards the front.

Superior

above another part or closer to the head.

Rostral & Caudal

near front of head / toward brain.

Caudal

back of brain / coccygeal end of spinal cord.

Dorsal

Dorsal: top of brain / back of brainstem.

Ventral

bottom of brain / belly.

Decussation

The crossing of fiber tracts from one side of the CNS to the other.

Neuron Soma

Cell body; integrates incoming signals and houses organelles for protein metabolism.

Dendrites

Receive info into neuron (afferent).

Axon

carries info away from neuron (efferent).

Myelin Sheath

Multilayered lipid material (oligodendroglia in CNS, Schwann in PNS) insulating axons.

Nodes of Ranvier

Periodical breaks in myelin where electrical impulses jump to increase transmission speed.

Telodendrion

Terminal buttons at axon ends containing synaptic vesicles filled with neurotransmitters.

Unipolar Neurons

type of sensory neuron that's T-shaped, single process from cell body; primary type for carrying general sensory info.

Bipolar Neurons

type of sensory neuron with two processes (one axon, one dendrite) from cell body poles; associated with special senses.

Multipolar Neurons

type of sensory neuron with many dendrites and one axon; most cells in the CNS are multipolar.

Neuroglial Cells (Glia)

Support and protect neurons, means of communication in nervous system, and outnumbering neurons by 10-50x.

CNS Glial Cells

Oligodendrocytes (myelin), microglia (defense), astrocytes (synapse regulation), ependymal cells (CSF).

PNS Glial Cells

Schwann cells (myelin) and satellite cells (support neuron cell bodies in ganglia).

Visual Scene Integration

Relies on the right hemisphere's parietal and occipital lobes via association fibers.

Skeletal Motor Nerve Fibers

Efferent (motor) fibers.