Micro test 5

gastroenteritis

an infection or irritation of the stomach and intestines that causes diarrhea, vomiting, and stomach pain

plaque

sticky film of bacteria on teeth and gums

caries

tooth decay caused by bacterial acids deminieralizing enamel and dentin that develop into cavities

caused by streptococcus mutans producing acid over time

gingivitis

inflammation of the gums which is soft tissue surrounding the teeth and jaw bones

can progress to periodontal disease

periodontal disease

infection and inflammation of gums and roots of teeth that can progress to bone and tissue damage or tooth loss

infection

bacteria colonizing the gut after incubating for 1-3 days after ingestion causing damage

intoxication

ingesting toxins which directly irritate or damage the gut, symptoms show up within hours

heliobacter gastritis

inflammation of the stomach lining caused by bacterial infection with h.pylori

complications: stomach ulcers and cancer

urease

produced by H. pylori, neutralizes acid allowing it to continue living

proton pump inhibitors

treatment for heliobacter gastritis

staph food poisoning

intoxication produced by staphylococcus aureus that grows on improperly stored food

salmonellosis

caused by Salmonella enterica

incubation 6-72 hours after ingestion

transmitted through pets, undercooked meats, raw milk, and contaminated produce

food poisoning symptoms

typhoid fever

caused by salmonella typhi

spread through contaminated food and water

high fever, abdominal pain, sever cases can cause intestinal bleeding and shock

is fatal in 10-30 percent of untreated cases

typhoid mary

the first asymptomatic carrier (subclinical infection) identified, a crucial discovery in the study of disease control

shigellosis

caused by shigella

transmitted through the fecal oral route

causes severe inflammation of the colon

cholera

severe diarrheal disease that causes extreme dehydration

caused by vibrio cholerae

common in areas with poor sanitation and spread through contaminated water or food

traveler’s disease

caused by enterotoxigenic E. coli toxin

transmitted through contaminated food/water

diarrhea and severe cases cause cell death

prevention: water treatment and food sanitation policies

campylobacteriosis

caused by campylobacter jejuni

very common cause of gastroenteritis

spread through contaminated food and water(poultry)

can progress to Guillain-Barre syndrome

Guillain Barrre syndrome

autoimmune disorder which attacks the nerves

can sometimes paralyze

can be treated

yersiniosis

yersinia enterocolitica

stomach pain that mimics appendicitis

comes from undercooked pork, water, and milk

causes the plague

clostridioides difficile (C. diff)

highly contagious and spore forming that can survive for months on surfaces

infects the colon and produces toxins that damage the intestinal lining

treated with antibiotics

treatment: handwashing

risk factors for C. diff

antibiotic use, older age, hospital/nursing home stays, weakened immunity, PPIs

mumps

viral infection of the parotid glands

spread from respiratory droplets

causes swollen cheeks/jaw

no effective treatment, recovery typically happens in 1-2 weeks

cytomegalovirus (CMV)

herpesvirus 5 (latent for life)

transmitted through direct contact with body fluids

mild in healthy people, but serious in pregnancy or immunocompromised individuals

congenital CMV

hearing loss

intellectual disability

microcephaly

vision probem

rotavirus gastroenteritis

highly contagious, fecal oral route

primarily infects infants and young children

vaccine available

norovirus

highly contagious, spread through food, water, surfaces, and close contact

sudden vomiting, diarrhea, and stomach pain

most people recover in 48-72 hours

bleach based cleaners are ideal

hepatitis

inflammation of liver often caused by a virus but could be lifestyle

giardiasis

caused by giardia lamblia

most common waterborne parasitic infection worldwide

fecal-oral route

“beaver fever”

amoebic dysentery

caused by protozoan entamoeba histolytica

severe intestinal infection

spread through fecal oral route

treated with metronidazole

complications: liver abscess and intestinal ulcers

cryptosporidiosis

spread through pools, municipal water, contaminated produce, raw milk, farm animals

tough outer cell (oocyst) resists chlorine and allows for survival in water for long periods

one of the most common waterborne diseases in the US

most individuals recover in 1-2 weeks

tapeworms

obtained from eating cysts in undercooked meat

often asymptomatic or mild symptoms

visible proglottids in stool, weight loss, bloating

treated with praziquantel primarily

hydatid disease

“echinococcosis”

in dogs

humans are accidental hosts by ingesting eggs from contaminated water, food, or dog feces

larvae migrate and form cysts in liver, lungs, and brain

cysts removed by surgery

parasites killed by albendazole

pinworms

transmission through ingestion

one of the most common parasitic infections in children

pinworms reside in large intestine

treated with antiparasitic medicines

hookworms

intestinal parasites

caused by necator americanus

attached to intestinal wall and feeds on blood and tissue causing anemia and lethargy

trichinosis

found in pork and bear meat

finds intestines, migrates to muscles, forms cysts which can cause pain for years

treated with azoles

pica

symptom of many different diseases

craving for non-food items with no nutritional value

often due to nutritional deficiencies (iron or zinc)

pericardium

outer, protective sac surrounding the heart

helps with anchoring heart

myocardium

thick, middle layer of heart wall made of cardiac muscle which contract to pump blood

endocardium

inner lining of heart chamber and valves

reduces turbulence and friction for smooth blood flow

endocarditis

inflammation of the inner lining of the heart and valves

usually caused by bacteria entering the bloodstream

lymphatic system

fluid recovery, immune system support, and absorbing dietary fats

interstitial fluid

plasma and other fluids that leak out of the vessels and flows around cells, collected by lymphatic vessels

lymph

contains WBCs, interstitial fluid collected by tiny vessels

lymph nodes

clusters of immune cells and phagocytes that are scattered all over the body

filter bacteria, viruses, cancer cells and debris from lymph as it passes through, helping stop the spread of infection

spleen

organ that filters blood

tonsils

structures that filter mucus and saliva

thymus

structure that produces and matures immune cells, especially T lymphocytes

ischemia

insufficient blood flow to a tissue or organ

lack of O2 and nutrients needed for normal function

necrosis (tissue death)

rheumatic fever

serious autoimmune destruction of the heart valves that can develop with untreated streptococcal throat infection

puerperal sepsis

bacterial infection of female reproduction tract after childbirth/miscarriage/or abortion

“postpartum infection”

can be group A streptcoccus

tularemia

Francisella tularensis

“rabbit fever”

highly infectious, only need a little bit to get sick (small inoculom)

transmitted through bites, animals, contaminated dust/water

not spread person to person

treated with streptomycin

often confused with cutaneous anthrax

skin ulcer at infection site

lyme disease

Boriella

Bull’s eye rash, facial paralysis, meningitis, heart issues

transmitted through tick bites

undulant fever

Brucella

rising and falling fever

transmitted through unpasteurized dairy products, inhalation, or contact with infected animals

bubonic

kind of plague spread through fleas from infected rodents

pneumonic

plague spread through respiratory droplets

buboes

swollen painful lymph nodes

major symptom of bubonic plague

pneumonic

plague type that is highly contagious

Yersinia pestis

cause of both kinds of the plague

typhus

Rickettsia

rash from trunk to limbs

transmitted through tick bites

directly attacks endothelial cells

mononucleosis

Epstein-Barr virus

enlarged spleen/liver

spread via saliva, blood, semen, organ transplants

physical activity avoided due to spleen rupture risk

yellow fever

Flavivirus

hemorrhagic disease, jaundice, bleeding, shock/coma

transmitted through mosquito bites

17 D vaccine

primarily found in Africa and South America during rainy seasons (high mosquito density)

Ebola

impaired kidney/liver function, sometimes hemorrhagic fever, sudden fever

transmitted through bats/primates, contaminated surfaces, burial practices

treated with monoclonal antibodies (lab produced antibodies)

virus can persist in semen,eye,brain that increases transmission

endemic in sub-Saharan Africa

Dengue Fever

severe muscle/joint pain, pain behind eyes

“breakbone fever”

transmitted through infected mosquito bites

CANNOT be treated with NSAIDS (bleeding risk)

only children 9-16 with prior infected can receive the vaccine

cases especially found in the Americas

Zika

often asymptomatic

transmitted through mosquito bites, sexual contact, congenital, blood transfusion

causes congenital problems (microcephaly, birth defects)

2016-2017 — Latin America outbreak

Chagas’ disease

Trypanosoma cruzi

targets heart esophagus and colon

transmitted through “kissing bugs”

primarily in Latin America

Romanas sign

Romanas sign

eyelid swelling that is a sign of Chagas disease

Malaria

Plasmodium

transmitted through infected mosquito bites

quinine old treatment, now treated by Artemisinin-based combination therapies

endemic to tropical and subtropical regions

schistosomiasis

treated with praziquantel

blood fluke cause

transmitted through snails

Leishmaniasis

3 different kinds (cutaneous, mucocutaneous, visceral)

transmitted through sand flies

cutaneous

Leishmaniasis that causes skin ulcers, is found in old and new world

mucocutaneous

Leishmaniasis that causes destruction of nose/mouth/throat and is found primarily in South America

visceral

Leishmaniasis that causes fever, weight loss, hepatosplenomegaly, and anemia, found globally

dendrite

part of a neuron that recieves messages from other cells

soma

cell body of a neuron

axon

part of the neuron that sends messages away from soma

axon terminals

end of the neuron where neurotransmitters are released to send signals to another neuron, muscle, or gland

synapse

the tiny gap between two neurons (or neuron and tissue) where neurotransmitters are passed between

neurolgia(glial cells)

supporting cells of the nervous system

meninges

three protective layers of tissue that cover brain and spinal cord

protect CNS from injury and contain cerebrospinal fluid

barrier against infection

meningitis

inflammation of the meninges

encephalitis

inflammation of the brain, most commonly from HSV or West Nile Virus

photophobia

unique symptom of meningitis

blood brain barrier

protective shield of tightly packed cells that control what substances pass from the blood into the brain

Neisseria meningitidis

meningitis that causes a purple spotted rash

meningococcal disease

Hemophilus influenzae

type b bacteria

common cause of ear infections in children and bronchitis in adults

primarily found in children

Streptococcus pneumoniae

Pneumococcal meningitis

normal in the nose and throat but when it invades the bloodstream it causes serious complications

spreads because infections like sinus infections spread, vertical transmission, and immunocompromised host

Streptococcus agalactiae

normal flora in the urinary and GI tract

can cause sepsis, pneumonia, and meningitis

maternal screening and intrapartum prophylaxis helps prevent neonatal disease

Litsteriosis

food borne illness that can cross the placenta

comes from unpasteurized dairy, deli meats, hot dogs

Botulism

toxin found in canned foods or improperly preserved foods

infants can ingest spores in honey

causes flaccid paralysis: drooping eyelids, difficulty breathing and swallowing, respiratory failure and “floppy baby syndrome”

Leprosy

spread through long term close contact

infects peripheral nerves and skin due to lower temperature preference

thickened skin and chronic inflammation

armadillos are reservoirs due to their low body temperature

poliomyelitis

spread through the fecal-oral route or saliva

most are asymptomatic

less that one percent of cases have paralytic symptoms (asymmetricc flaccid paralysis)

rabies

caused by rhabdovirus

transmitted through saliva

once symptoms begin, is nearly always fatal

arboviral encephalitis

group of viruses transmitted by arthropods

cryptococcal meningoencephalitis

serious fungal infection

opportunistic pathogen, causes disease in the immunosuppresed

transmitted through the inhalation of fungal spores

African Sleeping Sickness

caused by Trypanosoma

spread through the bite of tsetse fly found primarily near water sources in rural sub-saharan africa

first

stage of African sleeping sickness that includes

• headache

• swollen lymph nodes

• fever

• fatigue

• parasite spreads

second

stage of African sleeping sickness that causes

• nocturnal insomnia

• daytime somnolence

• behavioral disturbances

• coma

• parasite crosses the BBB

Naegleria fowleri

brain eating amoeba

caused by primary amebic meningoencephalitis

found in warm freshwater

enters through nose and then travels to the CNS through the olfactory nerve

sheep scrapie

fatal degenerative prion disease of sheep and goats

breaks down brain matter and cannot be transmitted to humans

causes intense itching of rubbing against objects, ataxia, tremors, weight loss, coma and death

no cure or treatment