The Endocrine System and Major Glands pt 7

These flashcards cover the major glands and hormones of the endocrine system, their functions, and their relationship with the nervous system based on the lecture transcript.

How do hormones travel through the body to reach their target?

Hormones are chemical messengers that travel through the bloodstream.

According to the transcript, what chemical can act as both a neurotransmitter and a hormone?

Norepinephrine

What is the key difference between neurotransmitters and hormones regarding speed of effect?

Neurotransmitters are released into a synapse making their effects almost instantaneous, while hormones travel through the bloodstream and take minutes or longer to reach their target.

How fast can a neural impulse travel compared to hormones?

A neural impulse can travel over $250\,mph$.

Which part of the brain acts as the control center linking the nervous system with the endocrine system?

The hypothalamus

What types of hormones does the hypothalamus produce to manage the pituitary gland?

Releasing and inhibiting hormones

What are the primary roles of oxytocin when released as a hormone?

It stimulates labor contractions, helps with milk release during breastfeeding, and promotes bonding, trust, and social connection.

Why is the pituitary gland commonly referred to as the "master gland"?

Because it influences all the other endocrine glands, telling them when and how much hormone to release.

Where is the pituitary gland located and what is its approximate size?

It is about the size of a pencil eraser and sits in the center of the brain just under the hypothalamus.

What are the functions of growth hormone (GH)?

GH stimulates the growth of bones and muscles, regulates body composition, and supports metabolism and tissue repair.

Where is the thyroid gland located and what is its primary role?

It is located in the front of the neck and plays a key role in controlling metabolism.

What hormone is released by the thyroid to regulate metabolism?

Thyroxin (or $T4$)

Where are the adrenal glands located?

They sit on top of the kidneys.

What are the two main parts of the adrenal glands?

The adrenal cortex (outer layer) and the adrenal medulla (inner layer).

What is the function of aldosterone produced by the adrenal cortex?

It helps regulate salt balance in the blood and tissues and helps control blood pressure.

What is the role of cortisol in the body?

It manages how the body uses carbohydrates, proteins, and fats and changes metabolism to help handle stress.

Which hormones are produced by the adrenal medulla during the fight or flight response?

Epinephrine and norepinephrine

How do epinephrine and norepinephrine prepare the body for action?

They increase heart rate, blood pressure, and blood sugar.

What is the shape and location of the pineal gland?

It is a small P-shaped gland located deep in the brain.

What hormone does the pineal gland produce to regulate sleep-wake cycles?

Melatonin

Where is the pancreas located and what are its two roles?

It is located behind the stomach and has both endocrine and digestive functions.

What are the two key hormones produced by the pancreas to maintain blood sugar levels?

Insulin and glucagon

How does insulin affect blood sugar?

It helps the body store and use glucose, lowering blood sugar when it is high.

Which hormones are secreted by the ovaries in females?

Estrogen and progesterone

What hormone is produced by the testes in males and what does it control?

Testosterone, which controls sperm production and male secondary sex characteristics like deeper voices and facial hair.