Monosaccharides and Glycolysis Thermodynamics
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These flashcards cover key terms and concepts related to monosaccharides, glycolysis, and related thermodynamics, aiding in exam preparation.
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17 Terms
Monosaccharides
Simple sugars with the general formula (CH2O)n; they are polyhydroxy alcohols containing either aldehyde or ketone groups.
Aldose
A type of monosaccharide that contains an aldehyde group.
Ketose
A type of monosaccharide that contains a ketone group.
D-sugar
A sugar that has the D-configuration at carbon-5 in hexoses or carbon-4 in pentoses.
Chiral center
A carbon atom that has four different substituents, leading to non-superimposable mirror images.
Anomeric carbon
The carbon atom in a sugar that was the carbonyl carbon in the linear form and becomes a new chiral center in the cyclic form.
Haworth Projection
A method of representing cyclic sugars that shows the ring structure and stereochemistry.
Epimers
Sugars that differ in configuration at only one specific chiral center.
Substrate-level phosphorylation
A process in glycolysis where high-energy intermediates directly phosphorylate ADP to form ATP.
Glycolysis
A metabolic pathway that converts glucose into pyruvate, generating ATP and NADH.
Net reaction of glycolysis
The overall chemical reaction that summarizes the conversion of glucose into pyruvate, producing ATP and NADH.
Hexokinase
An enzyme that catalyzes the phosphorylation of glucose to form glucose-6-phosphate in glycolysis.
Phosphoryl group transfer
The transfer of a phosphoryl group (-PO3 -) from one molecule to another during metabolic reactions.
ATP
A high-energy molecule that serves as the primary energy currency of the cell.
Pyruvate
The end product of glycolysis, which can be further oxidized in aerobic respiration.
Favorable free energy change (ΔG)
Indicates a spontaneous reaction; in glycolysis, certain reactions are thermodynamically favorable to drive ATP synthesis.
Equilibrium
A state in a reversible reaction when the rate of the forward reaction equals the rate of the reverse reaction.