ASCI 223 Midterm 2

Goals of Cal Poly Sheep Production

1. Produce high quality, grass fed lamb to be sold at meat processing center and locals

2. Produce high quality breeding ewes and rams to be sold

3. Ewes and lambs fully sustained by pasture

4. Genetics that min need for control of parasites and produce hardy individuals that dont need extensive vet care

5. Herd efficiency is marinated via selective culling to ensure max productivity per ewe

4 Aspects of Sheep Selection Criteria

1. Reproductive Soundness: conceive, raise lamb & udder health

2. Lambing Percentage: # of lambs, good avg lamb % for herd

3. Mothering Ability: raise lambs without assistance, bond, lambs 35 lbs by 60 days of age

4. Miscellaneous: bad conformation, health, disposition, BCS

What age ewe can have singles, what ages should produce twins? How much should a lamb way by 60 days of age

Yearling ewes and older than 6 years can have singles,

2 and 5 yrs old should produce twins

Wearing weights of lambs should be at least 35 lbs by 60 days old

5 Goals of Cal Poly Goat Herd

1. Produce goats that can be effectively used to manage vegetation on campus, Diet preference for invasive weeds and brush, Maintain BCS without supplemental feed

2. Use breeds that create hardiness and minimize need for parasite control

3. Does that can raise kids without assistance

4. Produce does and kids that are desirable breeding stock for targeted grazing operations

5. Produce meat goats that can be sold to the Meat Processing Center or local community

4 Goat Selection Criteria, avg kidding %, wt of kids at 60 days

1. Reproductive Soundness: conceive, raise kid & udder health

2. Kidding Percentage: # of kids, good avg kid % for herd 1.8 kids/doe

3. Mothering Ability: raise kids without assistance, bond, kids 20 lbs by 60 days of age

4. Miscellaneous: bad conformation, health, disposition, BCS

5 Stages of Breeding

1. Culling

2. Prebreeding (BCS/flushing, bloodwork/supllemtation, sires/groups, timing)

3. Breeding (Cross, AI)

4. Early Gestation (feed/minerals, sign of estrus)

5. Late Gestation

Prebreeding Aspects

BCS, Flushing, Blood Work, Time breeding date and breeding groups

Flushing

Provide high energy/protein feed for weeks to put weight on and increase breeding success

Blood Work, what is a Balling gun

Solid low in mineral, In SLO high in Molybdenum bind to copper avaiblity, soils low in Selenium, blood work to determine need and supplementation,

Balling gun used to dispense bonus into back of mouth

3 Type of Breeding

1. Purebred - specilized breeds

2. Interbreeding: Close (sibling, daughter, uniformity & maintains)

   1. Line Breeding (half siblings, grandsire to grandkid)

3. Crossbreeding: 2 or more different breeds use to complementary breeds: Hybrid Vigor - crossbred out produce average of parents

When do they breed, kid/lamb, at what 2 age do they get bred/partition, breeding maturity

Naturally breed in Fall (increasing daylight): late Aug-Nov

Bred at 8/9 months old, have kids in Fed-April, increases lifetime production by 15-20%

Long yearlings (18months): lamb/kid as 2 yrs old in Feb-April

Breeding maturity: Females, 6 months

Males: 3 months typically 5 months based on breed, genetics and nutrition

Commerical Breeding Plan: goals, __ kids in _ months

- to optimize production, create constant supply for meat production

- offers profit from off season markets when supply low

3 kiddings in 24 months

- due to repro demands, first breeding is at 12 – 14 mos of age

- very intensive regime and BCS is critical to maintain to ensure rapid rebreeding

Signs of Estrus

Tail Wagging (goats)

• Tongue action with others

• “Standing Heat”

• Verbal Interaction

• Discharge

• Mountin

Ram Effect

stimulatory effect of putting ram/buck in with

ewes/does

• Causes influx of estrus cycling

• Response from pheromones released by males

• Most females will cycle within 2 week

Flehmens Response

To transfer air with pheromones to the vomeronasal organ (a chemosensory

organ) located between roof of mouth & palate

• Chemical “cues

Sheep Estrus Cycle: length, standing heat, breeding opportunity

Length of Estrus = time b/w standing heat = 17 days

*Estrus or standing heat last 24 to 36 hrs w/ ovulation at the last half

• So w/i 35 days of being with a ram, ewe will have opportunity to cycle

and be bred two times

- 60 days allows for 3 opportunitieS

Goat Estrus Cycle: length, lasts, 45 days =6.429 weeks _ cycles

Does cycle into heat on avg: 21 days or 18 to 22 days

* from one standing heat to the next

• Lasts 24 – 48 hours (ovulation at the end)

• “Standing heat” indicates a “cresting” level of heat when she is

most receptive

- otherwise she will walk away (but still play the game)

• Within 45 days of exposure, the buck will cover 2 heat cycle

Conception Rate live cover, AI, avg kid/lamb %, number of bucks/ram per ewe/doe, gestation of goats and sheep

Conception Rate: 95% with live cover

AI conception rate 40-75% success

Avg 1.5 kids/doe, Avg 1.25 lambs/ewe

1 bucks: 50 does

1 Ram: 40 ewes for range or handmating 1 ram to 125 ewes

Gestation: Goats: 148-152 days or sheep: 144-151 days

Inducing Estrus

Easy breed CIDR implant: contains progesterone, when removed levels drop resulting in egg development

Placed on vagina for 5 days and removed, estrus occiurs in 1-3 days

Synchronized females into breeding groups

Allowed producers to strategize dates to attain peak market prices

Hand Mating

Select 1 male and 1 female to bred, segrated,

Pros: sure of genetic composites and timing precise

Cons: time sensitive, selection of different males

Used by registered seestock producers

AI: Intrauterine via laparoscope

Sperm surgically deposited into uterus, NZ and AUS use, fertility of 50% or more

AI: Transcervical Insemintaion

Pipette with bent tip placed in cervix, 40-82% success, requires more sperm than laparoscopic due to travel in fallopian tubes

In sheep: pipette must be threaded through ring of cervix, flap of skin at entrance is barrier and cervix of sheep is super long 12cm w/ 6-7 rings

AI: Vaginal

Seem deported into vagina shot in dark, low fertility, not recommended with frozen seem

Pros and Cons of AI

Pros: genetic gains w/ superior sires, males breed hundred/season, use of incapacitated males, refinement of offspring sex in future, used during out of season

Cons: disease transmission, frozen semen low success, precise timing, cost of semen, storage, transport, skilled tech, new developments allow ability of intrauterine insemination

Early Gestation (First 100 days): supplemental on dry vs irrigated grass

Provide good food and suplemntaion, observe for estrus cycling signs indicating lack of successful breeding, early gestation miscarriage (blood on tail, can be caused by bacteria)

Dry grass: protein and block supplemental

Irrigated grass: dry mineral supplements

Late Gestation Last 50 days

80% of fetal growth, lost of supplemental to maintain health, quality feed maintain BCS, milking ability and fetal development

High energy and high protein feeds for fetal mass, lactation required protein for milk development, energy for fetal growth and maintain BCS

Last Trimester: Things to consider, vaccines

BCS ideal 3.5-4, supplemental feed, vaccines, parasites, signs of trouble (ketosis, miscarriages, udder development

Vaccines: colstridium perfringens, Leptospirosis, Caseous Lymphadenitis, Contagious Ecthyma

Parasite Control: worms, lice, coccidosis, treat dam ahead of time so offspring is not burden early life

Preparation for Partuition

Prep facility, prepare kit: betadine scrub, iodine dip, lube, gloves nutri-drench, vit B

Preg check to sort singles from multiples or early vs late

Preg check 45-90 days, at 110 days can determine how many fetus in mom

Kidding and Lambing: % death loss

Can concur in few days or moths, extra labor is needed to support needs of dams and offspring, need daily observation of dams

2-5% death loss is normal

Stages of Partunition: 1: Cervix Dilation

12-24 hours cervix dilates to prepare for lambing or kidding, slight contractions, ewe may isolate herself from herd, tail up and end with plug

Stage of Partunition 2: Water Bug

Weight to pull embryonic sac away from uterus walls, needs time to hand and extend downward until it ruptures

Stages of Parturition 3: Presentation, normal birth contraction time and orientation

What is shoudl normally come out first: should be two front hooves and the muzzle or back legs first, shoukd be stretching of vulva and contraction for 30 minutes.

Lactation: how long? Most milk consumed when? What determine time of weaning?

Min of 6-8 wks but up to 6 months, 60 days for club, lambs and kids consumes most milk during first 30 days, then rumen capacity builds, BCS of dam determines time for weaning, look for mastitis if offspring weak or udder/teat health

Castration & Tail Docking: age range? Show? Production?

7 days to 6 months of age, In show they band right at top of tail, in production the recommend 3 palpable joints for hygiene

Post Weaning: time? Feed?

7-10 days, dams need to stop lactating so low quality feed, to reduce milk production (dry up), prone to matistis once weaned

Maintenance: length?

A time with no production demand, 4 months off, low nutritional demands, gain BCS, For dams its after post-weaning, offspring’s its growth and before breeding, (dry yearling),

After Post weaning what happens to offspring?

They go into growth phase (1/3-1 lb/day), the finisher phase or maintenance

Growth Phase: growth/day, feed

1/3-1 lb/day, 16-18% high protein feed

Finisher Phase: length? Feed?

45-60 days before they reach full market weight. Changes in diet with increased energy and reduced protein to create fat finish, feed high energy, lower protein, 11-12%

Preventative Measures

1. Nutrition

2. Breeding Selection

3. Facilities

4. Bio-security

5. Vaccinations

6. Sterilization

6 Bio security Measures

1. Points of control (traffic coming in to farm, people, vehicles, livestock)

2. Quarantine of new stock

3. Feed and Water Sanitation

4. Vaccination protocol

5. Herd Health Monitorning

6. Pen clean out and disinfecting

Congenital Abnormalities

1. Cleft palate, top of mouth missing

2. Parrot mouth (overbite)

3. Wry neck

4. Hernias

5. Spider syndrome

6. Trauma from birthing

7. Entropion - inverted eyelids, genetic

Colostrum: must have when?

Newborns must have colostrum within first 12 hours

What do we vaccinate for at cal poly?

Clostridium Perfringens Type C and D

Clostridium Perfringens Type C: what is it? Affects? Symptoms? Treatment? Vaccine when?

Aka enterotoxemis, anser pic soil organism produce spores which produce toxins, infect lambs first few weeks

Cause: bloody infection of small intestines, rapid death (12-13 hrs), reaction trigged by indigestion of milk or feed

Treatment: antibiotics, onset too fast

Vaccinate mothers 2 weeks before lambing and lambs at 4-6 wks

Tetanus: what is it? Causes? Symptoms occur when? Vaccine when?

Aka lock jaw or clostridium tetani,

Spores germinate in dying/damaged tissue (castration band site, puncture wounds), produce toxins absorbed by nerves, cause muscle spams, Symptoms occur 14 days after

Vaccinated mom before birth and offspring get booster 3-4 wks later

Sore Mouth - Ovine Ecthyma

Live virus vaccine available, zoonotic, shed and lasts a while

Coccidiosis: what is it? Spread via? Symptom at what age? Treatments?

Protozoan Eimeria, spread through manure from mother, Diarrhea is main sign at 4-8 wks, develop immunity over time by 6 weeks, treatments include sulfa drugs, amprolium to reduce build up

Scours: What is it? Caused by? Symptoms? Treatment?

Caused by bacteria ( E. coli, salmonella, clostridium, parasites, viruses

Major problem is dehydration, causes death, also temp

Treatment: electrolytes, rehydrate, sub Q injections

Clostridium Perfringens Type D: What is it? Effects? Symptoms? Vaccinated who/when?

aka enterotoxemia, pulpy kidney

Common with higher concentrate diets and rapid chnage,

Ex; lambs in feedlots, nursing ewes in alfalfa or nursing from heavy milk ears

Naturally occurring but harmful with rapid reproduction, bacteria multiples, produces toxins causes reaction

Symptoms: sudden death, admonish pain, teeth grinding, conclusion

Treatment: vaccinations mother 2 weeks before birth and offspring get booster 4-6 weeks later and then annually

Abported vs Stillborn Fetus

Abortion: premature birth of dead fetus

Still born: full term birth of dead fetus, fetus often decomposing

Causes: hard to pinpoint campylobacter fetus and jejuni, chlamydia about U.S., toxoplasma gondii, listeria monocytogenes, lepto, Salmonella

Pregnancy Toxemia: what is it? Symptoms, Who’s is susceptible?

Aka: ketosis, twin lamb disease

Cause low blood sugar caused by under nourished feed or stress to ewes

Symptoms: neural dysfunction and fetus harm

During last trimester, ewe require 50% more feed with singles and 75% more with twins

Mastitis: what is it? Transmission? Symptoms: Treatment?

What: variety of bacteria that attacks mammary gland

Spread via ground, kids, infected milk on bedding, etc

Symptoms: swelling, red udder, hard, temp, milk has clots

Treatment: 2 intro mammary, today fro lactating, tomorrow fro dry females, flush udder by milking and antibodies

Caseous Lymphadenitis: what is it? Transmission? Symptoms? Treatment?

What: Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis enters body and travels to lymph nodes where it grows and produce cysts, travels to lungs, effect all ages, sheep and goat

Spread via wounds from contagious excrement

Symptoms: permanent damage, cyst where lymph nodes are, rapid and labored breathing

Treatment: lance abscesses and qunartanine, cull, commerical vaccine

Food and Mouth: What is it? Transmission? Symptoms? Treatments

What: virus with 7 different strains

Transmission: through fluid and coverings of blisters, blood, meat, milk, saliva, urine, effects all cloven-footed animals

Symptoms: blisters on tongue, lips, checks, coronary band of hoof

Treatment: euthanasia, qunartanie, no vaccine

History of Foot and Mouth: US outbreaks & eradication, Taiwan outbreak effected what species when?

US: 9 outbreaks in deer but eradicated in 1929

Taiwan - 1997, 3.8 M swine untreated garbage fed to swine

USDA most be notified immediacy

Scrapie: What is it? Transmission? Symtpms? Treatment? Effects?

AN unconventional agent, withstand heat, radiation, formalin, effects CNS

Transmission: from parent to offspring

Symptoms: intense itching, uncoordinated gait, trembling, thirst, weak, paralyzed and die within weeks/months

Treatment: no cure or prevnation, in U.S. Suffolk most affected, not seen in animals younger than 18 moths

Water Consumption:

1) Adult sheep/goat drink _ gallons fro each - pounds of dry matter

2) What about ewes/does in late gestation

1) 1 gallons for each 4 pounds DM

2) double for ewes/does in late gestation

3) Increase protein and salt intake requires more water

Energy: Defincieny Caused by and Causes? Who is vulnerable? Major Source, makes up % of DM in plants Fat is how much more energy

Most common limiting nutrient from drought, snow, low DM of green pasture, bad feed

Ewes and does in late gestation or lactation are vulnerable

Deficiency Causes: Slow growth, weight loss, reproductive failure, decreased milk, low resistance to disease, short lactation, reduce quality/quantity of wool, higher lamb and kid mortality

Major Source is carbohydrates, 65-75% of DM of plants, grain more dense in starch

Fat create 2.25 times more energy per pound than carbs

Ewe/ Lamb Requirements High to Low, TDN? Growing ration?

Carbohydrates:

Ewe Demand High to Low: Lactating, late gestation, flush/breeding, early gestation, maintenance, post weaning

Lamb Demand: Finishing (7-10ml this), Early weaned (rapid growth), early weaned lamb (mod growth)

TDN: total digestible nutrient

Proetin:

Ewe Demand %: early weaned lamb, lactating, finishing lamb, late gestation, maintence

Goat Demand %CP: early weaned kid, lactating, late gestation, finishing goat/miantence

Feeds high in energy and protein, utilization of energy, growing ration of proetin?

Enegry: whole cottonseed, shelled corn, soybean, oats, wheat, barley

Protein (35-50%): soybean, cotton seed, sunflower, peanut

Growing ration of protein 16%

Protein: makes up, requirements high for?

Make up structural and protective tissue: bones, ligaments, hoofs, skin, influx

Needs to be constantly supplied for under weight kids, fertility, low kid vigor, not stored in body and constant influx, quantity more important than quality,

Fat vs Water Soluble Vitamins

Fat soluble: KEAD

Water soluble: B

Water Soluble Vitamin: KEAD function & Source

K: blood clotting, source: green feed and rumen

E: source: high quality legumes, defiant: white muscle disease (pneumian, starvation, heart failure)

A: beta-carotene in plants converted to vitamin A in rumen, deficiency: slow growth, retained placenta, bone malformation, reproductive failure, night blindness, deformed lambs

D: source: sun cured hay, deficiency: congenital malformation, rickets, osteomalacia