LMSW Exam

Erikson’s Psychosocial Model

developmental framework, personality evolves across entire lifespan

Erik Erikson's Psychosocial Stages

• trust v. mistrust

• autonomy v. shame

• initiative v. guilt

• industry v. inferiority

• identity v. role confusion

• intimacy v. isolation

• Generatively v. stagnation

• integrity v. despair

Trust v. Mistrust 0-1

• Reliability of caregivers

• learn to trust when needs are met by caregivers

• sense of security

Autonomy v. Shame 1-3

• gain sense of personal control and physical independence

Initiative v. Guilt 3-6

• exploring and making choices

• assert control and power through play and social interation

Industry v. Inferiority 6-12

• cope with new social and academic demands

  • gaining confidence

Identity v. Role Confusion

• desire to fit in socially

  • confusion occurs due to multiple changes in body, academics, and responsibilities

Intimacy v. Isolation

• ability to take risks in long term relationships and workforce

Generatively v. Stagnation

• stability in career, finances, and relationships

  • a sense of productivity

Integrity v. Despair

• importance life tasks are complete

  • a sense of fulfillment

Piaget Cognitive Development Model

children grow through 4 universal stages of mental development

Snvsorimotor

• object permanence

  • learn about their environment though the use of sense

Pre-operational

• egocentic, unable to understand others points of view

• think symbolically and develop language skills

Concrete Operational

• logical thinking to see others points of view

  • organize things into categories

Formal Operational

• think abstractly, reason logically

Freud’s Psychosexual Stages

• oral

• anal

• phalic

• latency

• genital

Oral Stage

• focus on the mouth and feeding

  • develop trust and attachment

Anal Stage

• focus on toilet training and control

  • learns self-control, independence, autonomy

Phalic Stage

• focus on genitals and identity

  • identify with same sex parents and aware of ones gender

Latency Stage

• focus on social and learning

  • social development, friendships, and sexual urges

Genital Stage

• focus on mature relationships

  • mature intimacy and relationships

Freud Psychoanalytic Concepts

• Id

• Ego

  • Superego

Id (Primal Desires)

Impulsive, need immediate gratification, pleasure principles

Ego (Rational Mediator)

reality principle balances impulses and reality

Superego (Moral Compass)

morals and conscience, internalized values

Psychoanalytic Therapy Styles

• explore childhood experiences

• interrupting unconscious meaning

• dream analysis

  • Examine defense mechanisms

Attachment Theory

psychological framework that early emotional bonds between child and caregiver shape how individuals connect, trust, and behave in relationships

Secure Attachment

• confident, self-worth, accepts support

• had consistent caregivers

  • healthy emotional regulation

Anxious Attachment

• clingy, highly emotional, seeks reassurance

• caregivers were inconsistent

Avoidant Attachment

• unemotional, avoids closeness

• caregiver were emotionally distant or rejecting

Disorganized Attachment

• intense, push-pull, unpredictable

• caregivers were frightening, abusive, and chaotic

Defense Mechanisms

• projection

• displacement

• denial

• repression

• rationalization

• sublimation

• reaction formation

Projection

attributes ones feelings to others

someone insecure criticizes others

Displacement

redirecting emotions from the original sources to a safer one

getting yelled at by your boss, going home and yelling at your partner

Denial

refuse to acknowledge reality

everyone is wrong, its others fault

Repression

pushing thoughts into the unconscious

childhood trauma and having no memory

Rationalization

creating logic but incorrect explanations

failing a test and blaming the the teacher

Sublimation

turning negative impulses into socially acceptable ones

an aggressive person turns that energy into a competitive athlete

Systems Theory

individuals exist within interconnected systems, a change in one affects the others

Bronfenbrenner’s Ecological Systems Theory

human development is shaped by interconnected layers of a persons environment

Microsystem

immediate relationships

individual with their parents

Mesosystem

communication between settings

parents relationships with individuals friends

Exosystem

individuals arent directly affected

a parent gets laid off, stress due from it

Macrisystem

the individual isnt involved, the environment is affected

how their culture views mental health

Chronosystem

life transitions and developmental shift

parents get divorces or parent dies

Family Systems Theory

views family as an interconnected emotional unit rather than a collection of separate individuals

Interdependence FST

members are emotionally linked

a crisis or shift in one triggers reciprocal reactions

Dedifferentiation FST

an individual can maintain their own sense of self, thoughts, and identity without becoming emotionally fused by the families anxiety

Triangulation FST

2 family members experience tension and draw in another to diffuse the tension

Multigenerational Transmission FST

emotional patterns, coping strategies, relationship roles that are passed down

Wholeness FST

you cant fully understand an individuals struggles without considering the context of their relationships

Homeostasis FST

naturally seek stability and balance

when members try to change the system pushes back to return to what is familiar

Boundaries FST

clear and permeable boundaries between members and between the family unit and outside systems

Hero

overachiever, distracts from dysfunction, bring pride to family

Scapegoat

problem child, acts out, shifts attention from deeper family dysfunction

Lost Child

quiet overlooked child, invisible

Mascot

humer to redue tension, diffuse conflit and stress

Enabler

protects or rescues dysfunctional members, prevents consequences

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

• physiological

• safety

• love/belonging

• esteem

• self-actualization

Physiological Need

human survival needs

air, water, food

Safety Need

security in personal, financial, health, mental, and emotional harm

Love/Belonging Need

friendships, romantic attachment, family bond

Esteem Need

desire for respect, self-worth, validation, self-confidence

Self-Actualization Need

peak of pyramid, personal growth, pursuing creative passion

ACE’s

adverse childhood experiences

higher ACE’s is associated with depression, anxiety, substance use

affects brain development, attachment, emotional regulation

Fight

confront the threat head-on

Flight

flee from danger, get away from stressful environment

Freeze

going numb, stuck in your feelings, nervous system shuts down

Fawn

pleasing to stay safe, excessive people pleasing

Family Systems and Grief

• role change

• parentification

• communication issues

  • conflict from different grieving styles

Cultural Humility

lifelong, active commitment to self-reflection, continuous learning

Cultural Competence

learning about cultures, increasing awareness and skills, understanding culture

Implicit Bias

involuntary, automatic attitudes, stereotypes

Culture Considerations in Mental health

• symptom expression

• help seeking

• communication styles

• views on mental health

  • family roles

Kolberg’s Moral Development Stages

preconventional

conventional

postconventional

Pre-Conventional

• focus on self interests and avoid punishment

  • common in young children

Conventional

focus on social approval and following rules

Post-Conventional

focus on ethics, justice, and universal principles

Autopoietic Social System

works to preserve internal structures, rules, and keep itself alive

Racial and Cultural Identity Development Model

• conformity

• dissonance

• resistance and immersion

• Integrative awareness

  • introspection

Conformity

• prefers dominant white values and beliefs over their own

• hold negative stereotypes about own culture

Dissonance

• experiences discrimination

  • question beliefs they held

Resistance and Immersion

• rejects dominant white culture, embraces their own

  • anger toward dominant white cultures

Integrative Awareness

• secure and confident in their culture

  • can appreciate others and their own

Introspection

• seek individual autonomy

  • too much stress between white culture and staying with their own

The Helping Process

engagement

assessment

planning

intervention

evaluation

termination

follow-up

Engagement

establish trust and rapport, clear understanding of the interactions purpose

Assessment

gather information of client and presenting problem

identify supports, weakness, coping mechanism

Planning

create roadmap to achieve clients goals

SMART

Intervention

put the plan into action to resolve issues

counseling

Evaluation

monitor clients progress, ensure interventions are effective

Termination

conclude therapeutic relationship

Psychosocial Approach

• person in environment

• psychological, internal factors

  • social, external factors

General Priority Oder

1. safety and risk

2. Stabilization

3. assessment

4. intervention

5. long-term planning

If Safety is a Concern

• SI/HI

• abuse and neglect

• Psychosis

• DV

• Immediate danger

Suicidal Thoughts SI Assessment

test frequency and duration

Plan SI assessment

have they thought of a method

Means SI Assessment

do they have access to the method they planned

Intent SI Assessment

will they act on plan, how likely are they to follow through