EXS 321 Final

rectilinear motion

curvilinear motion

rotation

sagittal plane

dorsiflexion

plantarflexion

medial rotation of the leg

lateral rotation of the leg

right lateral trunk flexion

left lateral trunk flexion

finger circumduction

hip abduction

hip adduction

ulnar deviation

radial deviation

horizontal arm adduction

horizontal arm abduction

frontal plane

indicate the plane that splits body into front and back halves

transverse plane

sagittal plane

splits the body into left and right halves

forearm pronation

forearm supination

foot eversion

turns the sole of the foot laterally

foot inversion

turns the sole of the foot medially

shoulder flexion

shoulder extension

shoulder hyperextension

Define biomechanics.

Biomechanics is the study of biological systems from a mechanical perspective.

List five careers that utilize biomechanics.

1. Orthopedic surgeons

2. Athletic coaches

3. Kinesiologists

4. Therapists

5. Prosthetists

Define statics.

The study of systems that are in a state of constant motion that is, either at rest (no motion), or moving at a constant velocity

Define dynamics.

The study of bodies in motion

Define kinematics.

The description of motion without regard to its causes

Define kinetics.

The study of the courses of motion (primarily the study of forces)

List the kinematic quantities.

1. Distance/displacement

2. Speed/velocity

3. Acceleration

List the kinetic quantities.

1. Force

2. Movement

3. Work

4. Impulse

5. Power

6. Energy

Is this statement quantitative or qualitative: He jumped 5 meters.

Quantitative

Is this statement quantitative or qualitative: He jumped very high.

Qualitative

Is this statement quantitative or qualitative: The man walked very slowly, leaning to the left, and his gait was asymmetrical.

Qualitative

Superior

closer to the head

Inferior

farther away from the head

Anterior

toward the front of the body

Posterior

toward the back of the body

Medial

toward the midline of the body

Lateral

away from the midline

Proximal

closer to the trunk

Distal

away from the trunk

Superficial

toward the surface of the body

Deep

inside the body

Mechanical system

a body (or group of bodies) to be examined

Forms of motion

most human movement is a general motion a combination of both linear and angular motion components

Anatomical reference planes

three imaginary cardinal planes bisect the body in three dimensions

Sagittal plane

divides the body vertically into left and right halves (ex. cycling, walking)

Frontal plane

splits the body vertically into front and back halves (ex. side-to-side shuffle, jumping jacks)

Transverse plane

divides the body into top and bottom halves

Longitudinal axis (vertical)

transverse plane rotation (ex. pirouette)

Antero-posterior axis

frontal plane rotation (ex. cartwheel)

Medio-lateral axis

sagittal plane rotation (ex. somersault)

Hip extensors

extends the hip joint, pushing the thigh backward

Hip flexors

flexes the hip joint, bringing the thigh closer to the torso

Knee flexors

flexes the knee, bringing the heel toward the glutes

Knee extensors

extends or straightens the knee joint

Plantarflexors

plantarflexions, which means pushing the foot down (pointing toes), increasing the angle between the shin and foot

Dorsiflexors

dorsiflexions, which means pulling the top of the foot upward toward the shin

What are the main groups of movements found in the sagittal plane?

1. Flexion

2. Extension

3. Hyperextension

4. Dorsiflexion

5. Plantarflexion

Flexion

brings two body segments closer together, in the direction we expect them to move

Extension

opposite to flexion

Hyperextension

rotation beyond anatomical position in the direction opposite to flexion

Dorsiflexion

flexing the foot

Plantarflexion

pointing the point

What are the main groups of movements found in the frontal plane?

1. Abduction

2. Adduction

Abduction

move a segment away from the midline

Adduction

move a segment toward the midline

What are the main groups of movements found in the transverse plane?

1. Medial rotation of the leg

2. Lateral rotation of the leg

3. Forearm pronation

4. Forearm supination

5. Horizontal arm adduction

6. Horizontal arm abduction

7. Figner circumduction

What are the three forms of motion?

1. Linear motion (translation):

   1. Rectilinear motion along a straight line

   2. Curvilinear motion along a curved line

2. Angular motion/rotation: rotation around a central imaginary line known as the axis of rotation

3. General motion: a combination of linear and angular motion

1 dof

movement in one plane

2 dof

movement in two planes

3 dof

movement in three planes

What joints have 3 dof?

Hip and shoulder

Ipsilateral

refers to the same

Contralateral

refers to the opposite side

Discrete variable

a measure that has a single value

Continuous variable

a measure that is tracked over time, provides a time series

The Lokomat therapy robot allows knee flexion and extension. How many degrees of freedom is that?

1 dof

During gait the swing food position can be controlled by multiple joints. For example, on the ipsilateral limb, the toe height can be lowered by plantarflexing, by extending the knee joint, by extending the hip joint. Be familiar with these, and changes that could be made at the contralateral limb to modify the swing foot position. What is the total number of degrees of freedom available to change the swing foot position? *In this case, ipsilateral is the same limb as the swing foot limb; contralateral is the stance limb.

6 dof

What is the center of mass in this image?

forward and downward (closer to the right hip/lower abdomen

What is a vector?

a quantity that possesses both magnitude and has direction

What is vector resolution?

breaking a single vector into two or more components

Define kinematics.

the description of motion without considering th cause

What are the concepts of kinematics?

1. Linear displacement (x)

2. Linear velocity (v)

3. Linear acceleration (a)

4. Angular displacement (θ)

5. Angular velocity (ω)

6. Angular acceleration (α)

What are the two kinematic concepts covered in class?

Motion analysis and gait variables

What are the gait variables?

1. Stride length

2. Step width

3. Gait speed

4. Toe clearance

5. Joint and segment angles

What information can be gained from a stick figure?

1. We can see the position of the body in space (linear displacement)

2. We can see the segment and joint angles (angular displacement)

3. To determine velocity, we must see more than one frame, or point in time

An object is swinging around in a circle (as in the picture below), where is the highest linear velocity observed, point A or point B? Where is the highest angular velocity observed, point A or point B?

Highest linear velocity: Point B

Highest angular velocity: Point A and B have the same

Is distance scalar or vector? What are the units?

Scalar; m

Is displacement scalar or vector? What are the units?

Vector; m

Is speed scalar or vector? What are the units?

Scalar; m/s

Is velocity scalar or vector? What are the units?

Vector; m/s

Is acceleration scalar or vector? What are the units?

Vector; m/s²

Is angular distance scalar or vector? What are the units?

Scalar; rad

Is angular displacement scalar or vector? What are the units?

Vector; ፀ