Chapter 4-5 BIO

Powerhouse of the cell

Mitochrondria

goal of lactic acid

make energy without oxygen

What is ATP?

Adenosine triphosphate, the main energy carrier in cells.

What happens to ATP when it loses a phosphate group?

It forms ADP (adenosine diphosphate), a lower-energy molecule.

What is the ATP-ADP cycle?

The process of adding or removing phosphate groups to transfer energy.

How many ATP molecules are produced from one glucose molecule?

About 36 ATP.

What is chemosynthesis?

A process that uses chemical energy to produce carbon-based molecules that store energy.

What is photosynthesis?

The process of converting light energy into chemical energy stored in sugars.

Where does photosynthesis occur?

In chloroplasts.

What are thylakoids?

Membrane-bound compartments inside chloroplasts.

Stacks of thylakoids are called?

Grana

What is the stroma?

The fluid surrounding thylakoids in chloroplasts.

What are light-dependent reactions?

Reactions that require light to produce energy-rich compounds.

What is the chemical equation for photosynthesis?

6CO₂ + 6H₂O → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂.

What is cellular respiration?

The process that converts glucose and oxygen into ATP, carbon dioxide, and water.

What is glycolysis?

The breakdown of glucose into two three-carbon molecules, forming ATP.

Where do the Krebs cycle and electron transport chain occur?

In mitochondria.

What is the chemical equation for cellular respiration?

C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ → 6CO₂ + 6H₂O.

What is fermentation?

An anaerobic process that enables ATP production without oxygen.

What are the two main types of fermentation?

Lactic acid fermentation and alcoholic fermentation.

What does lactic acid fermentation produce?

Lactic acid, a three-carbon waste product.

What does alcoholic fermentation produce?

Alcohol and carbon dioxide.

DNa is in the nucleus? True or False?

True

What Phase is this?

interphase

what are sister chromatids?

Identical copies

metaphase

telophase

Anaphase

prophase

prometaphase

What happens in G1 phase?

Cell growth

what is S Phase

DNA replication (synthesis)

What occurs in G2 phase?

Preparation for mitosis

In Metaphase?

Chromosomes align

during what phase of the cell cycle does the cytoplasm of to the cell divide

cytokinesis

2 main phases of the cell cycle

Interphase and M phase

Organisms that cannot make their own food?

heterotrophs

Producer is another name for?

Autotroph

Aerobic Respiration produces?

36 ATP

site of glucose production in a plant

chloroplast

What does this picture depict

ATP

green pigment in plants that is needed for photosynthesis

chlorophyll