Horse production final

What do we want to achieve with training?

How big is the horses heart? % of BW (body weight)

Heart size: 0.9-1.1% of body weight

What is the horses cardiac output? L/min

cardiac output: up to ~ 400 L/min

Glycogen is the storage for of carbs. why is glycogen the most important for energy metabolism?

• Horses have large intramuscular stores

• it is readily available during exercise

• it is the primary energy substrate used

Cardiac output is dependent upon what 3 things?

Afterload, Preload, and Contractility

what is plasma made up of

Plasma: proteins, electrolytes, enzymes

What are Red blood cells made up of

Red blood cells: hemoglobin

What are white blood cells made up of

White blood cells: neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, monocytes, lymphocytes

What are platelets made up of

Platelets: thrombocytes

What does the control of blood flow change with exercise

increase blood volume, redirect blood away from less active organs, increase cardiac output, and adjust thermoregulation

True/false: heart rate increases linearly with speed workload up to maximum heart rate

True

SubMax HR and Gates

Standing: 30-40 bpm

Walking: 60-8- bpm

Trotting: 80-100 bpm

Cantering: 100-180 bpm

Galloping: 180-220 bpm

True/false: stroke, volume decreases with exercise

false

Improvements in oxygen delivery in response to training

increased heart mass

increase wall thickness, chamber diameter

lower steady state HR

lower maximal HR

quicker heart rate recovery

Improvement in oxygen carrying capacity

increased plasma volume

increased total RBC pool

increased capillarization

Cardiovascular adaptation to resting HR training

decreases

cardiovascular adaptation to steady state HR training

decreases

cardiovascular adaptation to recovery HR training

decreases

cardiovascular adaptation to HR time to recovery training

decreases

cardiovascular adaptation to cardiac output and SV training

increases

cardiovascular adaptation to heart mass training

increases

cardiovascular adaptation to RBC pool training

increases

What ids the ventilation chain

Atmosphere, alveoli, red blood cells, capillaries, and muscle/mitochondria

At what age does bone growth/remodeling respond to?

between 2-3 years

What does bone growth/remodeling respond to?

magnitude of load, frequency of load, and previous conditioning

Bone responds to work through

Wolff’s law (adaptive hypertrophy)

What are 2 things to think about with exercise and bond growth in young horses?

Bone adapts to short periods of high intensity work

avoid imbalance to little = no adaptation, too much = damage (microcracking)

What is our goal for tendons/ligaments during training during training?

maximize elastic storage to minimize injury

How many days is the maturation cycle for spermatogenesis?

57 days

At what age does rapid development occur in testicular maturation?

18 months old

What is the site of sperm concentration, maturation, and storage?

Epididymis

Match the 3 section of the epididymis to their function

Caput(head): concentration

Corpus(body): maturation

Cauda(tail): storage

what type of penis does a stallion have?

Musculovascular

what are the 3 sex accessory glands

vesicular gland, prostate gland, and Bulbourethral gland

What are the 3 measurable ejaculate contents that help us understand semen quality

volume, concentration, and motility

How much sperm is produced per ejaculation

4-12 billion

What is semen volume comprised of?

seminal plasma

Is concentration the same as volume

not the same becasue volume is total fluid per mL and concentration is total sperm per mL

what is a semen extender?

components added to semen to increase survivability by providing buffer and nutrients for the sperm cells

why do we centrifuge sperm?

it allows us to remove the seminal plasma

What is total motility versus progressive motility?

Total motility is the percentage of sperm moving in any direction

Progressive motility is the percentage of sperm moving in a straight line

When doing an embryo transfer, on the day do we collect the embryo? and where in the body will it be a the time?

7-8 in the uterus

The_______ cells are responsibe for spermatoza production

Sertoli cells

_______ cells are responsible for testosterone production

Leydig cells

What is the function of the CL on the ovary?

It produces progesterone

What hormones increases during estrus, and if there are multiple, which one peaks at ovulation?

LH and Estrogen

What is the site of fertilization?

The oviducts or fallopian tubes

What structure surrounds the ovary and catches the oocytes once it is released?

Infundibulum

Approximately how big does a follicle need to be prior to breeding a mare? this indicates whey you may need to AI the mare because she is close to ovulation?

35mm follicle

Explain to me how I can breed a mare in February? Naturally that is very unlikely so how is it done? be specific

To breed in February, you must manually trick the mare's body into thinking it is already spring. This is achieved through a combination of artificial lighting and hormonal manipulation.

I want to get into the cutting horse breeding business and purchase a stallion to breed to mares. What criteria would you recommend I base my stallion selection process on? What should I look for in a stallion before I buy him?

Performance recodes, confirmation, and Fertility

What is the phase between estrus phases when the mare is not receptive to the stallion?

Diestrus

what is the term for the complete absence of estrus (usually seasonal)?

Anestrus

Regarding foaling, what is the 1-2-3 rule?

1. Foal should stand in one hour

2. should attempt to nurse and placenta passed within two hours

3. foal should be actively consuming colostrum by three hours

Given two signs before parturition occurs?

udder filling, and waxing of teats

What separates the 3 stages of labor?

stage 1: water breaks

stage 2: foul delivered

stage 3: placenta expelled

When looking at the hormone chart/taking a hormone test, what should be the highest hormone at 1 month of pregnancy?

Progesterone