Prenatal Development

EDUC-401

90%

__ of US adults have or plan to have children

anoxia

inadequate oxygen supply for the baby before, during, or after birth, can lead to brain damage or cerebral palsy, caused by squeezing of cord, placenta abruption, or premature birth

apgar scale

appearance, pulse, grimace, activity, respiration, score of 7-10 is good, 4-6 baby needs assistance, 0-3 baby is in serious danger

c-section

used for emergencies and breech position, shorter and less painful delivery, can be scheduled, more expensive, longer recovery, baby can be born sleepy with weaker reflex (APGAR), surgical risks

chromosomal abnormalities

result when egg and sperm unite at fertilization (down syndrome is the most common)

early term

born between 37-39 weeks

embryo period

neural tube develops, heart starts beating, external body structures start to form, organs develop layers (ectoderm, endoderm, mesoderm)

end of first trimester

organs and muscles become connected, external genitals formed

fetus period

growth and finishing, preparation for survival after birth

fetus period milestones

end of first trimester, second trimester, third trimester

full term

born between 39-41 weeks

hearing

newborns can hear and distinguish between sounds, showing preference for human voice, native language, and mother's voice

interventions for preterm and low birth weight

isolette, respirator, feeding tube, medication, special infant stimulation, skin-to-skin, parent training

labor induction

1-2 weeks past due date, concern, stalling of labor, decreased risk for c-section, can cause infection, uterine rupture, or fetal distress due to stronger contractions

late term

born after 41 weeks

low birth weight

born weighing less than 5.5 pounds

maternal age

American mothers, especially educated ones, are getting older pros: emotional and financial maturity cons: reproductive challnges, increased risk of genetic disorders

maternal factors affecting development

exercise (regular is important, frequent is unsafe), nutrition (healthy diet, prenatal malnutrition), emotional stress (severe stress)

medical interventions

fetal monitoring, medication, instrument delivery, c-section, labor induction

milestones of prenatal development

zygote or germinal, embryo, fetus

neonatal behavioral assessment scale

examines autonomic system, motor system, state, and social regulation

newborn baby

average size is 7.5lbs 20in, large head and small body, vernix on skin, umbilical cord clamped and cut, placed on mother's chest then examined

newborn baby senses

remarkably in place, equipped with set of reflexes forming basis of motor skills, can adapt and learn from environment

newborn baby states

states of arousal (sleep, quiet alertness, drowsiness, crying)

one-child families

advantages: less financial pressure, more time to pursue career, closer relationship disadvantages: no closeness of sibling relationship, intense parental pressure

prenatal testing

medical procedures that can detect developmental problems, defects, and abnormalities (ultrasound, blood tests, amniocentesis, chorionic villus sample, fetoscopy, cordocentesis, fetal MRI)

preterm

born before 37 weeks

rate of children

average number of children per family has declined in Western nations since 1960, more adults are delaying parenthood until later ages, fewer children are compatible with women's careers, birth control is more effective, finances, "child-rearing quality"

reflexes

inborn, automatic responses to stimulation

reflexes after birth

stepping, Palomar grasp, sucking, rooting, Moro, tonic neck, eye blink, Babinski, swimming

second trimester

growth in size, neurons are formed, vernix and lanugo develop to protect skin, bones harden

small-for-date

born below expected weight given the length of pregnancy

stages of labor and birth

stage one (dilation and effacement of the cervix), stage two (pushing), stage three (delivery of the placenta)

taste and smell

newborns distinguish between tastes and smells, prefer sweetness over salty or bitter, prenatal exposure to flavors can influence later preference

teratogens

any environmental agent that causes damage during the prenatal period, harm depends on dose, heredity, prenatal timing examples: drugs, infectious disease, pollution, radiation, alcohol, tobacco

third trimester

rapid growth in size and weight, lungs mature, rapid brain development

touch

well developed at birth, strong pain sensitivity

vaginal delivery

hormones released promote baby's lung function, prepares mother for breastfeeding, removes fluid from baby's lungs, shorter and less painful recovery

vision

least developed at birth, cannot focus eyes well, prefer to look at human faces (mother) and bright colors

zygote or germinal period

fertilization to implantation, sources of nutrition develop (placenta and umbilical cord)