GCSE History: Spain and the 'New World' Overview

Why were Europeans keen to find a new route to the spice Islands?

To form a more reliable route

to see if they could find more riches of the East Indies.

Why did Spain want to explore the Atlantic?

Queen Isabella was determined to spread christianity to any new lands. In addition, Portugal and Spain were competitors and wanted to gain power.

Why were people willing to invest in explorations?

To be exposed to new riches, gain money and take more control over land.

Why was the catholic church political?

They passed laws. Everything came from the church.

What were international aims of the Catholic church?

To not only spread christianity but to take out muslims and the Jewish community.

Who is Christopher Columbus?

First European (Italian Explorer) credited with discovering the Americas in 1492.

Why was Christopher Columbus important?

Found New World in 1492. That led to the Columbian exchange. That made the world's technology greatly increase. He discovered fairly new places,people and culture.

Who was Queen Isabella of Spain?

She was the mother of Catherine of Aragon and dedicated catholic woman. who believed Christopher columbus was spreading the word of God.

How was Queen Isabella more important than Christopher Columbus?

She was in charge in making various decisions that were associated in european history.

How was Christopher Columbus more important than Queen Isabella?

He was brave enough to take part and lead this historic voyage. Also, he was known to bring back some products from these ''discovered places''.

Who was more critical in the start of spanish exploration to the New world?

It can be argued by historians, that both Isabella and Christopher Columbus were equally important figures with the New world discoveries. Queen Isabella can be presented as quite critical towards christopher columbus because she did help with funding and classifying the business side of the voyages. On the other hand,Christopher is someone who helped connect the eastern and western hemisphere,essentially changing every aspect of human connectivity. In addition, travelling,trade,food. In conclusion, his discoverings make up what the geographical world is today.

Why did Queen Isabella support the voyage of Columbus?

-believed shorter route to Asia (Spain had a strong interest in Trade with Asia)

- Spain would benefit from his ''discoveries''. Country would have been involved in these new finding.

-These trips would bring good fortune and opportunities.

- Enhance Spain's power however some of the findings offered were not Isabella expectations (slavery) and she returned her offers.

What did Columbus take on his first Voyage?

- the Pinta ship

-the nina ship

-santa maria ship

Who did Columbus take on his first voyage?

90 people including 3 doctors,6 priests,cartographers(maps),mariners,the pinzon brothers and the conquistadors.

What dangers did Columbus face in his first voyage?

-The wheel of the ship (pinta) became broken,rendering the ship disabled.

-Sailors often died from diseases such as scurvy,hunger and thirst.

Ways the Renaissance proved advantages for Columbus?

- since this was the period of the time where new inventions,findings were being made and used so he would be using more up to date utensils and useful inventions which would help make his trip much easier.

What did Columbus need to begin his voyage to China?

-sponsor

-something to travel in during the voyage

- and the support was needed from the public and sponsor.

Tainos

The Indians who inhabited San Salvador and many Caribbean islands and who were the first people Columbus encountered after making landfall in the New World.

Caribs

A people indigenous to the Caribbean. They were pretty aggressive. They were known for their dug-out canoes, which made them a seafaring people. When the Europeans arrived in the 16th century, they had pretty much intermarried with the Tainos.

What was Columbus adamant on upon his arrival?

That he had arrived in Japan,Asia but he had in fact landed in what is now Bahama. He named the first island they found San salvador (modern day Bahamas) before going on to Juana (Cuba) and Hispaniola(Haiti and Dominican Republic)

Consequences of the establish of La Navidad?

-Martin was not to around to help rescue Columbus and his sailors from the wreckage of the Santa Maria on 24 dec 1492

-Columbus and vicente only had one ship due to marin's disappearance-the maria

-not all men could fit on the Nina and 39 men had to be left behind

-Columbus and men left hispaniola to return to spain earlier than planned due to wreckage and only having one ship available.

Who was Martin Pinzon?

- Captained the Pinta ship on the voyage

-brother to Vicente pinzon(captain of nina)

-Martin and his brother were the main reason behind the sponsorship of the first voyage

- He was an experienced sailor and navigator

Pinzon's actions on the voyage

- Disobeyed Columbus's order in nov 1492

-distrust grew between the two men as a result

-He sailed off from San salvador to the island of Babeque in search of Gold

-He found no gold and sailed to hispaniola arrived on 5 december 1493 a short distance from columbus unbeknown to him

-He had no contact with columbus and his brother until january when he accidently reunited with them on route back to spain.

How does martin pinzon link to the navidad?

Martins disappearance meant that columbus had to leave 39 men behind and establish a settlement for the men to live in-no room on the nina

How does Martin pinzon link to the Santa Maria wreckage?

Martin's actions directly contributed to columbus's decision after the wreckage to establish La Navidad

How was the La navidad built?

Using wooden planks salvaged from the wreckage of the santa Maria.

What happened to the Santa Maria?

On 24 dec 1492 the santa Maria was driven ashore and sank in a bed of coral reefs.

columbus and his men were on board. Vincente had to rescue columbus and his man from the wreckage

the ship was totally destroyed and unable to be repaired-leaving only 1 ship available to sail back to spain.

La Navidad, the Spanish settlement on Hispaniola

was established by Columbus in on christmas day 1492

Why was leaving men behind seen as good?

It gave the spanish control over the native lands. In addition, a chance to find more artifacts and goods for the spanish to claim. Spain was big time rivalists with portugal so this way to show that this territory was Spain.

Why was the Nina ship forced to anchor off Samana?

It was anchored off in Haiti because of bad weather, and some crew members went ashore.

Juana

the name of the largest island in the caribbean known as cuba.

why was columbus first voyage important?

-first major exploration trip to be called new place

-an opportunity for the europeans is knowledge to expand and know more about the world.

-He had great leadership which helped control foreign land and natives.

-he contributed into the making of slavery and exploitation.

Columbus's return to europe

immediately wrote a letter about his discoveries to king ferdinand.

Treaty of Tordesillas

A 1494 agreement between Portugal and Spain, declaring that newly discovered lands to the west of an imaginary line in the Atlantic Ocean would belong to Spain and newly discovered lands to the east of the line would belong to Portugal.

What was the Pope's role in the treaty of tordesillas

To draw a line from the north pole to the south pole,2000 km the west of the cape verde.

Empire

A group of states or territories controlled by one ruler

Imperial Rivalry

Competition between empires for territory, influence, resources, access, trade and/or nationalist goals.

Why did Portugal feel threatened by columbus's discovery of the new world?

Portugal felt threatened because they had not achieved finding the vastness of America and gold that Spain did.

What was the Papal Bull?

An official letter or charter issued by the Pope, named for the bulla, or wax seal, that was used to authenticate it. This was to clear up any confusion that may have arisen even territorial claims between the two catholic countries.

governor

A ruler of a province or state

Bartolome

columbus's brother who was left as governor of hispaniola when columbus went on further explorations.

Santo Domingo

The first successful permanent settlement on Hispaniola.

Encomienda System

It gave settlers the right to tax local Native Americans or to make them work. In exchange, these settlers were supposed to protect the Native American people and convert them to Christianity

small pox

Disease spread by Europeans in the Americas. Led to the deaths of millions of Native Americans in North and South America

Who took over from Columbus?

Francis Bobadilla was to take over to investigate complaints against him. Arriving in Haiti in sept 1500,Bobadilla upheld all the complaints, had columbus arrested and sent him back to spain in chains.

imperial policy

The policy developed by the spanish government towards its growing empire in the new world.

The encomienda system was happened under...

The governorship of nicolas de ovando,who replaced Francisco de Bobadilla in 1502. Under this system,each spaniard,called an encomendero,was assigned a set of natives.

Gold and tribute

Natives were forced to pay tribute-sometimes they paid in gold. Bobadilla allowed Spaniards to go to the centre of haiti to mine Gold. This led to gold miners seeking gold.

The effect of finding Gold and tribute on natives

The native people were used as slaves in the gold mines this led to taino and carib societies being utterly destroyed.

Slavery

Columbus had despaired of finding sufficient gold to satisfy his sponsors. He tried to compensate by sending back slaves back to spain. Slaves were valuable goods and were bought and sold in the main markets of spain.

Effects of slavery on natives

Slaves were treated cruelly physically and mentally challenging for them. They had to be accustomed to a new routine and they were exploited. Their belongings and culture were no more.

Effect of Encomienda System on natives

The natives equal rights were not taken into account. They were forced into things they had no control over.

The effect of smallpox on the new world

They were exposed to diseases that jeopardized their health. A lot of them could not mentally accustom to it.

Imperialism

the process of trying to expand your empire

Monopoly

Complete control of a product or business by one person or group

Missonaries

a person sent by a church to spread their religion

Franciscans

peoples who converted new world people to christianity, and took care of the poor.

dominican

Catholic religious order

Development of imperial policy: Ferdinand and Isabella's decree

Had to register in cadiz before they left

2/3 of all gold found 1/10 of other would be given to

1/10 of cargo carried to spain. This would benefit them financially and increase spanish exports.

Development of imperial policy: Casa contratacion

government agency working in spain's southern capital seville. Intended to make sure that all trade with the caribbean was controlled by spain. This increased number in profits and helped control complete access to the new world.

Development of imperial policy: Santo Domingo

Nicolas de ovando as governor decide to rebuild the town as a centre of spanish administration and capital of haiti. Spain would control rules,regulations, taxes and tributes. Also to enroll spanish justice into haiti.

Development of imperial policy: Catholic missionaries

The franciscans were set up by their order in haiti and the priests were up to preach and help convert and baptise indians.