Practical 4--Advanced Anatomy

state the muscles of facial expression:

epicranius, orbicularis oculi, orbicularis orbis, platysma, buccinator

what cranial nerve provides sensory innervation to the face?

trigeminal

what cranial nerves provide motor innervation to the face?

- CN VII (facial nerve)

- CN V3 ( mandibular division of trigeminal nerve)

what is the main arterial supply to the face?

facial artery branching off from the

what is the main venous drainage of the facial region?

facial vein

where does the facial vein originate?

near the medial angle of the as the angular vein

what structures are embedded within the parotid gland?

CN VII, retromandibular vein, external carotid artery

what CN provides visceral motor innervation to parotid gland?

CN IX (glossopharyngeal )

state the muscles of mastication (MOM):

temporalis, masseter, lateral ptyergoid, medial pterygoid

what CN innervates the MOM?

CN V3 (mandibular division of trigeminal nerve)

state the function of the temporalis:

- elevate the mandible

- close the jaws

- retract the mandible

state the function of masseter:

- elevates the mandible

- protrude the mandible

state the function of the lateral pterygoid:

bilaterally: protract mandible, depress the chin

unilaterally: swings the jaw toward the contralateral side

state the function of the medial pterygoid:

- acts with the masseter to elevate the mandible

- protrusion

what is the temporomandibular joint?

a modified hinge type of synovial joint the lies anterior to the ear

state the two movements of the TMJ:

- hinge-like movement of elevation and depression

- anterior gliding

what is the function of the lingual nerve?

branch of the CN V3, provides sensory to the oral mucosa

what is the function of inferior alveolar nerve?

branch of CN V3, provides sensory innervation to the lower dental arcade

state the structures of the deep face:

- medial and lateral pterygoid muscles

- lingual nerve

- inferior alveolar nerve

- branches of maxillary artery

- chorda tympani

what is the chorda tympani?

branch of CN VII that carries taste sensations to anterior 2/3 of tongue

what is the main blood supply of the head and neck region?

common carotid artery

what does the the external carotid arteries supply?

structures external to the cranium

what are the two terminal branches of the external carotid artery?

maxillary and superficial temporal arteries

state the 6 arteries arising from the external carotid artery:

- ascending pharyngeal

- occipital

- posterior auricular

- superior thyroid

- lingual

- facial

what does the internal carotid arteries supply?

orbits and most of the brain

what is the main venous drainage of the head and neck region?

internal jugular and external jugular veins

state the internal jugular vein drainage:

-almost all of the blood from the brain via dura sinuses

- anterior face

- cervical viscera

- deep muscles of the neck

state the tributaries of the internal jugular veins:

- inferior petrosal sinus

- pharyngeal

- facial

- lingual

- thyroid

state the external jugular vein drainage:

parts of the scalp and face

state the tributaries of the external jugular veins:

- superficial temporal

- maxillary

- retromandibular

what is the function of the levator palpebrae superioris muscle?

elevates the superior eyelid

what nerve innervates the levator palpebrae superioris?

CN III (oculomotor)

what is the function of the orbicularis oculi?

closes eyelids

what CN innervates the orbicularis oculi?

CN VII

what is the tarsal gland?

gland embedded in the tarsi that produces lipid secretions for lubricating the eyelid edges and anterior surface of the eye

what is the function of the lacrimal gland?

produces lacrimal fluid (tears)

what is the function of the lacrimal ducts?

convey fluid to the conjunctival sac

what is the function of the lacrimal canaliculi?

drain tears into the nasolacrimal duct to the nasal cavity

what CN provides parasympathetic innervation to the lacrimal glands?

CN VII

state the origin and insertion for the extraocular muscles?

- O: walls of the orbit

- I: outer surface of the eyeball

what is the common tendinous ring?

origin of the 4 recti muscles that surrounds the optic canal

what is the action of the 4 recti extraocular muscles?

elevation, depression, adduction, abduction of the eyeball

what is the function of the superior oblique?

abduction and depression of the eyeball

what CN innervates the superior oblique?

CN IV (trochlear)

what is the function of the inferior oblique?

abduction and elevation of the eyeball

what is CN innervates the lateral rectus?

CN VI (abducent)

what CN provides general sensory to the orbit?

CN V1

what CN provides special sensory to the orbits?

CN II

what CN provides branchial motor to the orbits?

CN VII

what CN nerves provides somatic motor to the orbits?

- CN III

- CN IV

- CN VI

what is the primary blood supply to the orbits?

ophthalmic artery (branch of internal carotid)

what is the central retinal artery?

terminal branch of ophthalmic artery (if blocked, immediate blindness)

what is the main venous drainage of the orbits?

superior and inferior ophthalmic veins

state the functions of the nose:

- olfaction

- respiration

- paranasal sinuses

- nasolacrimal ducts

- humidification of inspired air

- reception and elimination of secretions from the nasal mucosa

what is the purpose of meati?

provide passageways to the paranasal air sinuses and nasolacrimal duct

state the functions of the paranasal sinuses:

- serve to warm, moisten, and filter inhaled air

- lighten the skull

- provide chambers for speech

what is the arterial supply of the nasal cavity walls and septum?

sphenopalatine artery (branch of maxillary) that exits via the sphenopalatine foramen

what is oral fissure size controlled by?

orbicularis oris

what bones form the hard palate?

maxillae and palatine

what is the function of the tensor veli palatini?

tenses the soft palate and opens the pharyngotympanic tube when swallowing and yawning

what CN innervates the tensor veli palatini?

CN V3

what is the function of the levator veli palatini?

elevates the soft palate during swallowing and yawning

what is the function of palatoglossus?

elevates the posterior tongue

what is the function of the palatopharyngeus?

tenses the soft palate and pulls the pharyngeal walls during swallowing

what is the function of the musculus uvulae?

shortens and pulls the uvula superiorly

what is the function of the tongue?

- assists in mastication

- taste

- swallowing

- speech

- oral cleaning

state the extrinsic tongue muscles:

- genioglossus (depression)

- hyoglossus (depression)

- styloglossus (retrusion and side curling)

- palatoglossus (tongue elevation, soft palate depression)

what is the function of the extrinsic tongue muscles?

alter the position of the tongue

what is the function of the intrinsic tongue muscles?

regulate the shape of the tongue (return to resting position)

what is the function of the geniohyoid and mylohyoid muscles?

tenses the hyoid bone

what CN innervates the tongue muscles (except palatoglossus)?

CN XII

what CN innervates palatoglossus?

CN X

what CN provide general sensory innervation to the tongue:

- lingual (touch and temperature)

- CN IX

- CN X

what CN provide special sensory (taste) to the tongue:

- chorda tympani (anterior 2/3)

- CN IX (posterior 1/3)

- CN X: epiglottis

state the functions of the pharynx:

- conducts air to the trachea and lungs

- direct food to the esophagus

state the function of the three pharyngeal constrictors:

involuntary contract the superior to the inferior end of the muscular pharyngeal tube to propel food to the esophagus

state the innervations to the muscles of the pharynx:

pharyngeal plexus of nerves: motor fibers from CN X and sensory fibers from CN IX

what is the laryngeal apparatus?

a complex organ of voice production that lies in the anterior neck at vertebral levels C3-C6

state the function of the laryngeal appartus?

- connects the oropharynx with the trachea

- controls and protects the air passages during swallowing when it maintains a patent airway

- phonation

state the origin, insertion, action, and innervation of sternocleidomastoid:

- O: sternum and clavicle

- I: mastoid process

A: extends head at atlanto-occipital joints, flexion of the neck (bilaterally) and side bends, rotation (unilaterally)

- In: CN XI (spinal accessory)

state the origin, insertion, action, and innervation of platysma:

- O: mandible

- I: fascia of pectoralis major and deltoid muscles

- A: contorts the skin of the neck, draws away the angle of the mouth

- In: CN VII (facial)

state the origin, insertion, action, and innervation of digastric:

- O: mandible (anterior), mastoid process (posterior)

- I: hyoid

- A: elevates the hyoid bone

- In: nerve to mylohyoid (anterior) and CN VII (posterior)

state the origin, insertion, action, and innervation of stylohyoid:

- O: styloid process

- I: hyoid

A: elevates the hyoid

- In: CN VII

state the origin, insertion, action, and innervation of mylohyoid:

- O: mandible

- I: hyoid

- A: elevates the hyoid

- In: CN V3

state the origin, insertion, action, and innervation of geniohyoid:

- O: mandible

- I: hyoid

- A: elevate the hyoid

- IN: branch of ventral ramus of C1 ( via CN XII)

state the origin, insertion, action, and innervation of sternohyoid:

- O: sternum

- I: hyoid

- A: depress the hyoid

- In: ansa cervicalis

state the origin, insertion, action, and innervation of sternothyroid:

- O: sternum

- I: thyroid cartilage

- A: depress the hyoid

- In: ansa cervicalis

state the origin, insertion, action, and innervation of thyrohyoid:

- O: thyroid

- I: hyoid

- A: depress the hyoid

- In: ventral rami of C1 via CN XII

state the origin, insertion, action, and innervation of omohyoid:

- O: scapula

- I: hyoid

- A: depress the hyoid

- In: ansa cervicalis

state the function of the external ear:

hearing via transference of sound to the internal ear

state the function of the middle ear:

hearing

state the function of the inner ear:

hearing and equilibrium

what is the auricle?

elastic cartilage of the external ear that function to gather and direct sound waves into the external acoustic meatus

state the function of the tympanic membrane:

- moves in response to air vibrations that pass it through the external acoustic meatus

- the movements are transmitted by the auditory ossicles through the middle ear to the internal ear

state the innervation of tympanic membrane:

- external surface: auriculotemporal nerve (CN V3)

- internal surface: CN IX

- CN X

state the function of the pharyngotympanic tube:

- connects the tympanic cavity to the nasopharynx where it opens posterior to the inferior nasal meatus

- equalize pressure in the middle eat with the atmospheric pressure to allow free movement of the tympanic membrane

what is the vestibulocochlear organ?

internal ear organ responsible for sound reception and balance maintenance

what is the division of the CN VIII?

- cochlear nerve

- vestibular nerve

what is the function of the cochlear nerve?

hearing

what is the function of the vestibular nerve?

equilibrium, balance