CH9 (Physical and Cognitive Dev in MCH)

ADHD

a mental disorder that involves inattention, impulsivity, and excessive motor activity resulting in academic and social problems

treatments: stimulant medication and tailored child-rearing style

analytical intelligence

a type of intelligence that involves information-processing skills (self-regulation, executive functioning, and metacognition)

cognitive maps

a key component to spatial reasoning

mental representations of spaces such as a classroom, school, or neighborhood

requires considerable perspective-taking skills and infer an overall layout

cognitive self-regulation

the process of continuously monitoring progress toward a goal, checking outcomes, and redirecting unsuccessful efforts

develops gradually

concrete operational stage

Piaget’s 3rd stage of cognitive development (ages 7-11)

highlights children’s ability to decenter and make decisions based on dimension

their thoughts are more flexible, logical, and organized

other elements include: reversibility, classification, spatial reasoning, and limitations (abstract and hypothetical)

constructivist classroom

encourages students to construct their own knowledge

views children as active agents who reflect on and coordinate their own thoughts

composed of learning centers, small groups, and solving self-chosen problems

teachers guide and support in response to children’s needs

convergent thinking

involves arriving at a single correct answer

emphasized on intelligence tests

cooperative learning

composes of small groups of classmates working together toward common goals

considers one another’s ideas, appropriately challenges one another, and providing sufficient explanations to correct misunderstandings

enhances complex reasoning skills

creative intelligence

a type of intelligence that involves the capacity to solve novel problems (generating useful solution to new problems and these skills are rapid within the working memory that become automatic)

creativity

the ability to produce work that is original yet appropriate

divergent thinking

the generation of multiple and unusual possibilities when faced with a task or problem

dynamic assessment

an innovation consistent with Vygotsky’s zone of proximal development

adult introduces purposeful teaching into the testing situation to find out what the child can attain with social support

educational self-fulfilling prophecies

the idea that children may adopt teachers’ positive and negative views and start to live up to them

elaboration

a type of memory strategy that involves creating relationships between pieces of information that dont belong in the same category

Flynn effect

when IQs have increased steadily from 1 generation to the next

entails a massive generational gain in IQ

reasons for this is education, exposure to technology, and nutrition

gifted

describes children displaying exceptional intellectual strengths

inclusive classrooms

students with learning difficulties learn alongside typical students in the regular educational setting for all or part of the school day

prepares them for participation in society and combat prejudices against individuals with disabilities

learning disabilities

a great difficulty with 1 or more aspects of learning, usually reading

their achievement is considerably behind what would be expected on the basis of their IQ

obesity

a greater than 20% inc over healthy weight

based on BMI, age, and sex of child

BMI above 85th P=overweight

BMI above 95th P=obese

environment is the primary cause for it and not so much as heredity

organization

a type of memory strategy that involves grouping related items together

phonics appraoch

a teaching method for beginning readers by 1st coaching children on phonics and then exposing them to complex reading material

practical intelligence

a type of intelligence that involves applying intellectual skills to every day situations (able to adapt, shape, and select within thinking to better match goal)

recursive thought

aa form of perspective that involves the ability to reason simultaneously abt what 2 or more ppl are thinking

example: Joe thinks that Andy thinks that kitten is lost

rehearsal

a type of memory strategy that involves repeating information to oneself

reversibility

the capacity to think through a series of steps and then mentally reverse direction (returning to the starting point)

rough-and-tumble play

an activity involving friendly chasing and play-fighting

emerges in preschool and peaks in middle school

more common among boys, safe way to asses strength of peers

seriation

the ability to order items along a quantitative dimensions such as length and weight

social-constructive classroom

children participate in a wide range of challenging activities with teachers and peers

jointly construct understandings

they become competent, contributing members of their classroom community

advances cognitive and social development

stereotype threat

a specific situation in which an individual fears of being judged on the basis of a negative belief or confirming it

can trigger anxiety that interferes with performance

those with SLD experience this

talent

outstanding performance in a specific field

theory of multiple intelligences

defines intelligence in terms of 8 distinct sets of processing operations that permits individuals to engage in a wide range of culturally valued activities

dismisses the general intelligence

each intelligence having a unique neurological basis

traditional classroom

teachers are the sole authority of knowledge, rules, and decision making

students are relatively passive, listening, respond well, and completed teacher assigned tasks

progress is evaluated keeping pace in set stadards

transitive inference

mental seriation

example: children having to integrate 3 relations at once

triarchic theory of intelligence

identifies 3 broad interacting intelligences that are crucial to achieving success in life

analytical, creative, and practical

whole-language approach

a teaching method for beginning readers by exposing them to to text in its complete form

examples: stories, poems, and letters