hhd exam revision

definition of health & wellbeing

state of a person's physical, social, emotional, mental and spiritual existence, characterised by an equilibrium in which the individual feels happy, healthy, capable and engaged

physical h&w

relates to the functioning of the body and its systems; it includes the physical capacity to perform daily activities or tasks

some aspects of physical h&w

• efficient functioning of body, systems & organs

• freedom from disease, illness & injury

• adequate energy levels

• healthy body weight

mental h&w

current state of the mind or brain and it relates to the ability to think and process information

some aspects of mental h&w

• low levels of stress & anxiety

• positive self-esteem

• positive thought patterns

• high levels of confidence

social h&w

relates to the ability to form meaningful and satisfying relationships with others and the ability to manage or adapt appropriately to different social situations

some aspects of social h&w

• effective communication with others

• productive relationships with others

• supportive network of friends

• ability to manage or adapt appropriately to certain social situations

emotional h&w

relates to the ability to express emotions and feelings in a positive way; about the positive management and expression of emotional actions and reactions as well as the ability to display resilience

some aspects of emotional h&w

• effectively respond to & manage emotions

• experience appropriate emotions in certain situations

• high level of resilience

• recognise & understand range of emotions

spiritual h&w

relates to ideas, beliefs, values and ethics that arise in the minds and conscience of human beings

some aspects of spiritual h&w

• sense of belonging to world

• positive meaning and purpose in life

• peace & harmony

• acting according to values & beliefs

disease definition

physical or mental disturbance involving symptoms, dysfunction or tissue damage

illness definition

a subjective concept related to personal experience of a disease or injury

dynamic definition

continually changing

subjective definition

viewed in many different ways by various individuals

optimal health & wellbeing definition

refers to the highest level of health & wellbeing an individual can realistically attain at any particular time

benefits of optimal health and wellbeing for individuals

• work productively

• earn an income

• reduced healthcare costs

• exercise

• work towards purpose in life

benefits of optimal health and wellbeing nationally

• reduced illness, disease and injury

• health system savings

• longer, healthier lives

• high average incomes

• increased productivity

benefits of optimal health and wellbeing globally

• reduces risk of disease transmission between countries

• assists in promoting peace and stability

• promotes economic development

• promotes social development

prerequisites of health

• peace

• shelter

• education

• food

• income

• stable ecosystem

• sustainable resources

• social justice

• equity

peace (prerequisite)

absence of conflict

peace promoting h&w

mental - risk of injury and premature death associated with conflict decreases -> reduction in levels of stress and anxiety of getting injured

spiritual - increases ability of people to perform daily activities like working, accessing food, going to school and socialising -> pursue their purpose in life

shelter (prerequisite)

a structure that provides protection from the outside environment

shelter promoting h&w

social - adequate sleep increases the capacity of individuals to participate in activities such as socialising and participating in the life of their community -> form productive relationships

mental - promotes feelings of privacy, safety and security from outsiders -> reduces anxiety & stress levels

education (prerequisite)

receiving or giving systematic instruction, especially at a school or university

education promoting h&w

physical - high healthy literacy gained leads to healthier eating habits & diets -> maintaining a healthy body weight

spiritual - obtaining meaningful and well-paid employment from education -> rovides a sense of purpose and meaning in life

food (prerequisite)

the state in which all persons obtain nutritionally adequate, culturally appropriate, safe food regularly through local non-emergency sources

food promoting h&w

phys - access to appropriate and nutritious food -> adequate energy levels

mental - food security; spend less time looking for food -> reduces stress levels as food is available for individuals

income (prerequisite)

money received, especially on a regular basis, for work or through investments

income promoting h&w

phys - allows individuals to more easily afford healthcare such as immunisations, medication, checkups and surgery -> freedom of diseases and illness

social - allows individuals to participate in community activities including sporting clubs, social clubs etc. -> form a positive network of friends through these clubs

stable ecosystem (prerequisite)

community that consists of all of the living and non-living components of a particular area

stable ecosystem promoting h&w

phys - plants &animals are made up of organic matter, which is used for food and provides energy -> maintaining adequate energy levels

spiritual - natural environments are often used as a source of relaxation and recreation -> contributes to feelings of connectedness to the natural world

sustainable resources (prerequisite)

ensuring that the resources used to promote health and wellbeing in the present are available for future generations, so they too can experience a good quality of life

sustainable resources promoting h&w

physical - sustainable use of land and water is required to ensure that future generations have a reliable food and water supply to prevent disease and enhance physical health and wellbeing

emotional - adequate heating and cooling can promote productivity at school and this in turn can promote emotions such as contentment -> experience appropriate emotions in certain situations

social justice (prerequisite)

equal rights for all, regardless of personal traits such as sex, class and income, ethnicity, religion, age or sexual orientation

social justice promoting h&w

spiritual - when society is just, everyone can receive a formal education which can lead to a meaningful employment and fair pay -> sense of purpose and belonging

social - when society is just, everyone can participate in recreational and leisure activities -> form productive relationships with others also participating in the activities

equity (prerequisite)

relates to fairness and social justice, but has a particular focus on disadvantaged groups

equity promoting h&w

spiritual - ensures that all people can share in the benefits of a society -> can work to reduce feelings of segregation and thereby enhance feelings of belonging

health status definition

an individuals or populations overall health, taking into account various aspects such as life expectancy, amount of disability and levels of disease risk factors

indicators used to measure and understand health status

• self assessed health status

• life expectancy

• hale (health adjusted life expectancy)

• mortality (infant, under five, maternal)

• morbidity

• incidence

• prevelance

• burden of disease

• yll (years of life lost)

• yld (years of life lost due to disabilty)

• daly (disability adjusted life year)

self assessed health status

an individuals own opinion about how they feel about their health, their state of mind and their life in general

life expectancy

number of years of life, on average, remaining to an individual at a particular age if death rates do not change (commonly measured at birth)

hale (health adjusted life expectancy)

average length of time an individual at a specific age can expect to live in full health; that is, time lived without the health consequences of disease or injury

mortality

refers to the number of deaths in a population in a given period

mortality rate

measure of the proportion of a population who die in a one-year period (usually per 100 000)

mortality rate (infant, under five, maternal)

death rate in infants, those under five & maternal mothers

morbidity

ill health in an individual and levels of ill health within a population

incidence

refers to the number of new cases of a disease/condition in a population during a given period

prevelance

total number or proportion of cases of a particular disease or condition present in a population at a given time

burden of disease

measure of the impact of diseases and injuries, specifically it measures the gap between current health status and an ideal situation where everyone lives to an old age free of disease and disability

yll (years of life lost)

years of life lost due to premature death

yld (years of life lost due to disabilty)

years of life lost due to disease, injury or disability

daly (disability adjusted life year)

a measure of burden of disease; takes into account years of life lost due to premature death & diseases, injuries & disabilities

yll + yld = daly

biological factor definition

factors relating to the body that impact on health and wellbeing

biological factors

body weight blood pressure blood cholesterol glucose regulation birth weight genetics including sex & hormones

body weight

increases strain to heart as it pumps harder to get oxygen to cells -> high prevalence of cardiovasc disease increasing mortality rates

blood pressure

hypertension -> heart working harder increasing risk of heart attack -> higher rates of premature mortality

blood cholesterol

high blood cholesterol -> ldl cholesterol stick to blood vessel walls increasing rate of atherosclerosis -> high risk of cardiovasc disease & increase mortality rates

glucose regulation

impaired glucose regulation -> blood glucose not absorbed effectively -> incidence of type 2 diabetes

birth weight

low birth weight -> more at risk of infection -> premature death and mortality

genetics

decrease oestrogen during menopause increase risk of osteoporosis -> morbidity rates

sociocultural factor definition

social and cultural conditions into which people are born, grow, live, work and age

sociocultural factors

socioeconomic status unemployment social connections & social exclusion social isolation cultural norms food security early life experiences access to health care

socioeconomic status

social standing of an individual compared to others; based on income, education & occupation

social isolation & social exclusion

not in regular contact w others

not adequately participating in society

cultural norms

customs, ideas, values, & traditions of a particular society

environmental factor definition

physical surroundings in which we live, work & play; includes workplaces, housing, roads & geographical access to resources such as healthcare

environmental factors

housing work environment urban design & infrastructure access to healthcare climate climate change

housing

physical shelter; ventilation & hygiene, design & safety, overcrowding, security et.c

urban design & infrastructure

features and structures of suburbs, towns, region and cities

geographical location of resources (hospitals, schools etc.)

infrastructure (roads, water, sanitation etc.)

climate & climate change

susceptible to bushfires etc.

biological factors indigenous

high bmi hypertension low birth weight

sociocultural factors indigenous

low ses lower levels of healthy literacy social exclusion (discrimination, racism etc.) food insecurity

environmental factors indigenous

poor quality & overcrowded housing poor quality water poor infrastructure lack of access to healthcare facilities

differences between indigenous & non indigenous health status

indigenous life expectancy lower than other australians infant mortality two times higher injury death rates two times higher

biological differences between males & females

males have higher rates of high bmi, hypertension, impaired glucose regulation

sociocultural differences between males & females

higher impacts of unemployment, ses

environmental differences between males & females

males work more in dangerous environments

differences between males & females health status

males life expectancy fours years lower than females males have higher rates of bod, injury, cardiovasc disease etc.

biological differences between high & low socioeconomic groups

lower ses have higher obesity rates, hypertension, impaired glucose regulation

sociocultural differences between high & low socioeconomic groups

lower ses have lower incomes, levels of health literacy, unemployement

environmental differences between high & low socioeconomic groups

lowers ses have greater proximity to fast food, poor quality housing & more dangerous work environments

differences between high & low socioeconomic groups health status

lower ses life expectancy is lower by three years lower ses have high mortality rates, rates of disability, diabetes & kidney disease

biological differences between living in & out of major cities

living outside have higher rates of high bmi, blood cholesterol, low birthweight, hypertension

sociocultural differences between living in & out of major cities

living outside have lower incomes, less access to education, higher rates of unemployment & social isolation

environmental factors between living in & out of major cities

living outside have poorer road quality, poorly lit roads, more dangerous working environments

differences between living in and outside major cities health status

lower life expectancy, higher rates of bod, mortality, preventable cancers, diabetes, mental health issues

behavioural factors impacting health status

smoking alcohol high bmi underconsumption of vegetables, fruit & dairy foods dietary risks of high intake of fat, salt & sugar dietary risks of low intake of fibre & iron

smoking

practice in which a substance is burned & resulting smoke is inhaled to be tasted & absorbed into bloodstream

smoking causes

cardiovascular disease cancer prenatal & infant health outcomes (low birthweight & premature death) respiratory conditions

smoking impact on health status & bod

cardiovas disease - excessive tobbaco use -> reduces oxygen in blood which increases blood pressure and heart rate (morbidity) -> premature death from heart condition increases yll+ yld

cancer - excessive tobacco use -> damages cells and risk of cancer (lung, pancreatic etc.) causing death (mortality) -> premature death contributes to yll

alcohol use disorder

a disease characterised by ongoing risky alcohol consumption

alcohol causes

high bmi cancer liver diesease injuries mental health issues prenatal/infant health outcomes

alcohol impact on health status & bod

injuries - alcohol use -> act impusively & take risks (drink driving etc.) -> contributes to daly due to suicide & self-inflicted injuries

high bmi - alcohol use -> overweight or obesity increasing risk for type 2 diabetes (morbidity) -> cancers which can lead to premature death increasing daly & yld

high bmi

weight above a healthy range

high bmi causes

cardiovas disease cancer kidney disease type 2 diabetes arthritis + osteoporosis

high bmi impact on health status & bod

kidney disease - high bmi -> increases risk of high blood pressures thats a risk factor for kidney disease (morbidity) -> increase in daly

type 2 diabetes - high bmi -> low production of insulin (morbidity) -> increases yld

vegetables definition

nutrient dense foods high in minerals & vitamins, low in kilojules, and high in dietary fibre & antioxidants

underconsumption of veggies impact on health status & bod

fibre intake low contributes to weight gain -> increase prevalence of cariovasc disease & cancer -> premature death from this impacts yll

fruits definition

fruits are foods containing vitamins, minerals & fibre while being low in fat & good source of antioxidants