Psychology Chapter 9 - Social/Developmental Psychology

Physical development

Changes in the body and brain including growth motor skills and physical health

Cognitive development

Changes in thinking learning memory and problem solving

Psychosocial development

Changes in emotions personality and social relationships

Freud psychosexual theory

Development occurs through stages where libido focuses on different erogenous zones

Erogenous zones

Specific body areas that are the focus of pleasure during Freud’s stages

Fixation

Unresolved conflict in a psychosexual stage that affects later personality

Erikson psychosocial theory

Development occurs through 8 stages each with a social conflict

Erikson success

Leads to a healthy sense of self and psychological strengths

Erikson failure

Leads to confusion and difficulty in later stages

Sensorimotor stage

Infants learn through senses and actions

Object permanence

Understanding that objects exist even when not seen

Pre-operational stage

Children use symbols but lack logical reasoning

Egocentrism

Inability to see things from another person’s perspective

Conservation (lack of)

Failure to understand quantity remains the same despite changes in shape

Concrete operational stage

Logical thinking about concrete objects develops

Conservation

Understanding that quantity stays the same despite changes in form

Reversibility

Ability to mentally reverse actions

Formal operational stage

Abstract and hypothetical thinking develops

Abstract thinking

Ability to think about ideas not physically present

Hypothetical reasoning

Ability to think through possible outcomes

Kohlberg pre-conventional morality

Decisions based on punishment and reward

Kohlberg conventional morality

Decisions based on social rules and approval

Kohlberg post-conventional morality

Decisions based on ethical principles and justice

Germinal stage

First 2 weeks after conception when zygote forms and divides

Embryonic stage

Weeks 2 to 8 when major organs and structures develop

Fetal stage

Week 9 to birth when growth and maturation occur

Zygote

Fertilized egg formed at conception

Embryo

Developing human from 2 to 8 weeks

Fetus

Developing human from 9 weeks to birth

Teratogen

Harmful substance that can negatively affect prenatal development

Critical period

Specific time when certain development must occur

Hospice care

Care focused on comfort and quality of life for terminally ill individuals

Hospice goal comfort

Manage pain and physical symptoms

Hospice goal dignity

Support a peaceful and respectful end of life

Hospice goal support

Provide emotional support to patient and family