1.2 theoretical perspectives in lifespan development

Nature vs Nurture

what causes people to be the way they are, biology, environment, parental influence, education and socioeconomics explain human behavior. Both are necessary

Continuity vs Discontinuity

process of change, is development continuous or distinct stages (historically distinct stages perspective prevailed

Sigmund freud and psychosexual stages of development

oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital

Freud personalities developed based on

interaction and conflict between id, ego, and superego

id

basic/ first part of personality to emerge, one we are born with, unconscious impulses that demand immediate fulfillment. anything desired must be for immediate pleasure

Ego

2nd function of personality reality principle, not inborn develops as children learn that not all desires can be fulfilled or fulfilled at a delay. Addresses how real world impacts desires

Superego

final function of personality, developing by the time a child is school age. Child internalization of social norms and standards

Oral stage

birth

Example of fixated/ not progress

dependency on others and neediness, or oral habitssmoking, chewing gum, or constantly biting fingernails

Anal development

18 months to 3 years toilet training, pleasure from learning to control their bodies and environment.

Anal development to late or traumatically to early/ fixation

retentive personality and high need for orderliness and cleanliness

Anal explosive personality

exert control over surroundings by leaving belongings scattered or messy

Phallic stage

3 years

Oedipal conflict

series of steps where boys turn their affections towards their mother and desire them sexually

Castration anxiety

boys fearful their fathers will be angered by competition for mothers affection, fear they will be emasculated by their fathers. Boys understand they cannot compete soothed identify with their fathers in order to adopt appropriate male role. Develop superego

Electra conflict

girls move from attachment to their mothers to affection for their fathers developing competition with their mothers. Resolved by looking to mothers as model for how to be a women. Less firmly develop super ego and weaker moral compass

Fixation in phallic stage

boys do not resolve oedipal conflict so overly focused on masculinity, for girls unresolved penis envy continues to emasculate and attempt to cut men down emotionally and socially.

Latency stage

6 years

Genital stage

puberty

Erik Erikson

Maladaptation vs malignancy, 8 stages of human development, infancy, early childhood, play age, school age, adolescence, early adulthood, middle age, old age

1. Infancy 0

1 year

2. Early childhood 1year

3 year

3. Play age 3 years

5 years

4. School age 5years

12 years

5. Adolescence 12 years to 18 years

identify vs role confusion, fidelity (ability to remain true to oneself and others), negative outcomes weak sense of identity can lead to insecurity, confusion, or rebellion

6. Early adulthood 18

40 years

7. Middle age 40

60 years

8. Old age 65+ years

ego integrity vs. despair, life review, reflection on achievements, acceptance of mortality, wisdom, negative outcomes persistent despair and regret can lead to depression or hopelessness

Maladaptation

develops too much of a positive side ex: overthrusting or too independent

Malignancy

negative side takes over ex: distrustful, shameful, confused about who you are

Support of erikson’s theory

lifespan coverage, practical insights, face validity (individuals see themselves in these stages)

Criticism of erkison’s theory

vagueness on mechanisms, sequence and age ranges, western bias (Japan collectivist culture

Maslow vs Erickson: Maslow

motivational stages, progression based on life circumstances and achievement (flexible), one goal of achievement not everyone reaches it, people move up motivational stages to reach self actualization

Maslow vs Erickson: erikson

predetermined time related stages that determines personality development, progression dependent on age (rigid) and traits are either beneficial or pathological, goals vary between stages, completion of stages result in healthy personality

Erikson vs freud: freud

timeline first years of life, biological pleasure seeking drives, less emphasis on ego, crises centered on specific body part, psychopathology from fixation,

Erikson vs freud: erikson

timeline lifespan, influence of social relationships, cultures and identity formation on personal growth, emphasis on ego, healthy progression through stages

Marcia

defines identity as a dynamic self constructed organization of beliefs, values, and abilities that help people understand who they are and how they relate to others.

Classical conditioning

Ivan pavlov, organisms associate events or stimuli that happen repeatedly together

Responses to classical conditioning

unconditioned responses or reflexes and conditioned/ learned responses

Unconditioned stimulus (UCS)

stimulus that elects a reflexive response in an organism, meat powder

Unconditioned response (UCR)

a natural and unlearned reaction to a given stimulus, salivation

Neutral stimulus (NS)

stimulus that does not naturally elicit a response, tone

Conditioned stimulus (CS)

stimulus that elicits a response after repeatedly being paired with ucs, the tone after being paired with feeding repeatedly

Conditioned response (CR)

learned response, behavior caused by conditioned stimulus salivation when tone is heard after being paired with feeding.

Operant conditioning and skinner

behavior can shape environment by reinforcement and punishment. Operating on the environment

Social learning Bandura

connected behaviorism with cognition and environment. People learn by observing others