AP Human Geography Unit 2 Population and Migration Patterns and Processes

Activity space

space allotted for a certain industry or activity. Can apply to an area within a city or surrounding a central place.

Age Distribution

(Population pyramid) is two back-to-back bar graphs, one showing the number of males and one showing females in a particular population in five-year age groups. This is important because you can tell from the age distribution important characteristic of a country, whether high guest worker population, they just had a war or a deadly disease and more.

Asylum

the protection granted by a nation to someone who has left his or her native country as a political refugee

Carrying capacity

A population level that is sustainable, given the quantity of food, habitat, water and other life infrastructure present. The carrying capacity tells how many people an area will be able to support.

Census

an official count or survey of a population, typically recording various details of individuals. In the USA, a census is performed every 10 years, after which voting districts and representatives are reallocated.

Child Mortality Rate

The under-5 mortality rate is the number of children who die by the age of five, per thousand live births per year. In 2015, the world average was 43 (4.3%), down from 91 (9.1%) in 1990.

Crude Birth Rate (BR)

The crude birth rate is the number of live births occurring among the population of a given geographical area during a given year, per 1,000 mid-year total population of the given geographical area during the same year.

Crude Death Rate (DR)

The crude death rate is the number of deaths occurring among the population of a given geographical area during a given year, per 1,000 mid-year total population of the given geographical area during the same year.

Cohort

Population of various age categories in an age-sex population pyramids. This is important because this can tell what stage of development a country is in: e.g. whether in Stage 3 or Stage 5 in the demographic transition model.

Demographics

Statistical data relating to the population and particular groups within it.

Demographic equation

The formula that calculates population change. The formula finds the increase (or decrease) in a population. The formula is found by doing births minus deaths plus (or minus) net migration. This is important because it helps to determine which stage in the demographic transition model a country is in.

Demographic momentum

this is the tendency for growing population to continue growing after a fertility decline because of their young age distribution.

Demographic regions

Cape Verde is in Stage 2 (High Growth), Chile is in Stage 3 (Moderate Growth), and Denmark is in Stage 4 (Low Growth). This is important because it shows how different parts of the world are in different stages of the demographic transition.

Demographic Transition Model

Has 5 steps. Stage 1 is low growth, Stage 2 is High Growth, Stage 3 is Moderate Growth, and Stage 4 is Low Growth and Stage 5 although not officially a stage is a possible stage that includes zero or negative population group

Dependency ratio

The number of people who are too you or too old to work compared to the number of people in their productive years. This is important because this tells how many people each worker supports. For example the larger population of dependents, the greater financial burden on those who are working to support those who cannot.

Diffusion of fertility control

Describes how reproductive policies are applied around the world. Provides an insight into future population growth region by region and country by country.

Disease diffusion

There are two types, contagious and hierarchical. Hierarchical diffusion describes disease transmission from urban to rural areas. Contagious diffusion describes person to person transmission and is dependent on the density of a population.

Distance Decay

Contact between two groups diminishes because of the distance between them.

Doubling time

The number of years needed to double a population, assuming a constant rate of natural increase. This is important because it can help predict the country's population increase over time and when its population will double.

Ecumene

The proportion of Earth's surface that can sustain human settlement. Tells how much of the land has been built upon and how much land is left for us to build on.

Epidemiological Transition Model

This is a distinctive cause of death in each stage of the demographic transition. Explains how a country's population changes.

Expansive population policies (also Pro-natalistic policies)

An "expansive population policy" is an official government policy designed to encourage the population to conceive and raise multiple children. ... "Expansive population policies" are most common in Western and Northern Europe where birth rates are some of the lowest in the world.

Gendered space

Gendered spaces are areas in which particular genders of people, and particular types of gender expression, are considered welcome or appropriate, and other types are unwelcome or inappropriate.

Gravity Model

Predicts the optimal location of a service is directly related to the number of people in the area and inversely related to the distance people travel to access it.

Guest workers

A person with temporary permission to work in another country, especially in Germany. The Bracero Program in the US began in 1942 and invited farm laborers to come to the US to work on short-term, primarily agricultural projects.

Immigration

The action of coming to live permanently in a foreign country.

Infant Mortality Rate (IMR)

The annual number of deaths of infants under one year of age, compared with total live births. Expressed as the annual number of deaths among infants among infants per 1000 births rather than a percentage. Tells how developed a country is: if they have a high IMR they are an LDC and if it is low they are an MDC.

Internally Displaced Person (IDP)

An internally displaced person (IDP) is someone who is forced to flee his or her home but who remains within his or her country's borders. They are often referred to as refugees, although they do not fall within the legal definitions of a refugee.

Intervening Opportunity

An environmental or cultural feature of the landscape that helps migration.

J-curve

This can be observed when the projection population show exponential growth; sometimes shape as a j-curve. This is important because if the population grows exponentially our resource use will go up exponentially and so will our use as well as a greater demand for food and more.

Life expectancy

The average period that a person may expect to live.

Maladaption

An adaptation that has become less helpful than harmful. As time goes by, the adaptation becomes less and less suitable and more of a problem or hindrance.

Malthus, Thomas

Was one of the first to argue that the world's rate of population increase was far outrunning the development of food population. This is important because he brought up the point that we may be outrunning our supplies because of our exponentially growing population.

Migrant labor

A "migrant worker" is a person who either migrates within their home country or outside it to pursue work such as seasonal work. ... Migrant workers who work outside their home country may also be called foreign workers or expatriates.

Migration

movement from one region to another

Chain migration

The social process by which immigrants from a particular family or town follow others from that family or town to a particular city or neighborhood, whether in an immigrant-receiving country or in a new, usually urban, location in the home country.

Cyclic movement

trends in migration and other processes that have a clear cycle

Forced Migration

People removed from their countries and forced to live in other countries because of war, natural disaster, and government.

Intercontinental

Permanent movement from one country to a different country on the same continent.

Internal Migration

Permanent movement within a particular country.

Interregional Migration

Permanent movement from one region of the country to another.

Rural-Urban Migration

Permanent movement from suburbs and rural area to the urban city area.

Migratory Movement

A form of migration that involves intermittent but recurrent movement, such as temporary relocation for college or service in the military.

Periodic Movement

motion that recurs over and over and the period of time required for each recurrence remains the same.

Step Migration

A series of shorter, less extreme migrations from a person's place of origin to final destination—such as moving from a farm, to a village, to a town, and finally to a city. The most common form of migration.

Transhumance migration

Seasonal migration of livestock between mountains and lowland pasture areas.

Transmigration

Transmigration was a scheme created by the Indonesian government to ease overpopulation in the capital of Java by moving people from the "core" area to the less populated areas of Indonesia (known as the "periphery").

Voluntary migration

A change in residence intended to be permanent, often involving international migration. Also human movement involving movement across international boundaries. Voluntary migration is movement in which people relocate in response to perceived opportunity and is not forced.

Mortality

There are two useful ways to measure mortality; infant mortality rate and life expectancy. The IMR reflect a country's health care system and life expectancy measures the average number of years a baby can expect to live. This is important because you can use a countries mortality rate to determine important features about a country.

Natality (Crude Birth Rate)

The ratio of live births in an area to the population of that area; it is expressed as number of birth in year to every 1000 people alive in the society. Tells the rate a country is having babies as well as how fast you can expect that population to grow.

Neo-Malthusian

theory that builds upon Malthus' thoughts on overpopulation. Takes into account two factors that Malthus did not: population growth in LDC's, and outstripping of resources other than food. Recognizes that population growth in LDC's is from the transfer of medical talents from MDC's but not the wealth that would provide food and resources.

One-child policy

Program initiated in the late 1970s and early '80s by the central government of China, the purpose of which was to limit the great majority of family units in the country to one child each. The rationale for implementing the policy was to reduce the growth rate of China's enormous population. The program ended in early 2016.

Overpopulation

relationship between the number of people on Earth, and the availability of resources. Problems result when an area's population exceeds the capacity of the environment to support them at an acceptable standard of living.

Personal space

The surrounding area over which a person makes a claim to territorial privacy

Place utility

The process of increasing the attractiveness of a product to a group of consumers by altering its physical location. In a business context, place utility might involve shipping a finished product to a new location that is more accessible to consumers than the place where it was initially manufactured.

Population densities

the frequency with which something occurs in space is density

Arithmetic Density

total number of objects in an area. Used to compare distribution of population in different countries.

Physiological density

number of persons per unit of area suitable for agriculture. Could mean a country has difficulty growing enough food.

Agricultural Density

the number of farmers per unit of area of farmland. May mean a country has inefficient agriculture.

Population distributions

the arrangement of a feature in space is distribution. Geographers identify the three main properties as density, concentration, and pattern. Used to describe how things and people are distributed across the earth.

Population explosion

a sudden increase or burst in the population in either a certain geographical area or worldwide. Occurred in the late 18th and early 19th centuries because several countries moved on to stage 2 of the DTM. Can trace factors that lead to these explosions.

Population projection

predicts the future population of an area or the world. .Helps predict future problems with population such as overpopulation or under population of a certain race or ethnicity.

Population pyramid

population displayed by age and gender on a bar graph. Shape determined primarily by crude birth rate. Shows age distribution and sex ratio.

Push-Pull Factors

Factors that induce people to leave old residence and move to new locations.

Quotas

A system to limit the number of immigrants allowed entry into a country through a national origins quota. The US 1924 quota provided immigration visas to two percent of the total number of people of each nationality in the United States as of the 1890 national census.

Rate of Natural Increase (RNI)

the percentage by which a population grows in a year. CBR-CDR = NIR Excludes migration. Affects the population and a country or area's ability to support that population.

Refugee

People forced to migrate from their home country who cannot return for fear of persecution because of their race, religion, nationality, membership in social group, or political opinion.

Remittances

A transfer of money by a foreign worker to an individual in his or her home country. Money sent home by migrants competes with international aid as one of the largest financial inflows to developing countries.

Repatriate

To bring or send back (a person, especially a prisoner of war, a refugee, etc.) to his or her country or land of citizenship

S-curve

traces the cyclical movement upwards and downwards in a graph. So named for its shape as the letter "s". Relates to growth and decline in the natural increase.

Sex ratio

the number of males per hundred females in the population. Depends on birth and death rates, immigration. Men have higher death rates but also higher birth rates. Immigration usually means more males because they can make the journey.

Standard of living

refers to the quality and quantity of goods and services available to people and the way they are distributed within a population.

Stationary population level

A population level with a zero growth rate, neither growing nor shrinking in size. By definition, stable populations have age-specific fertility and mortality rates that remain constant over time.

Sustainability

providing the best outcomes for human and natural environments both in the present and for the future

Under population

it is the opposition to overpopulation and refers to a sharp drop or decrease in a region's population. Unlike overpopulation, it does not refer to resources but to having enough people to support the local economic system. If there are not enough tax payers, then the area cannot continue.

Zero population growth

when the crude birth rate equals the crude death rate and the natural increase rate approaches zero. Often applied to countries in stage 4 of the demographic transition model.