American Jurisprudence: Double Jeopardy

Freedoms that people are born with that cannot be taken away by the government (Life, Liberty, Property).

What are Natural Rights?

The study of knowledge and existence. 

What is Philosophy?

The condition of people before the government.

What is a State of Nature?

The study of ideas about government, politics, liberty, justice, and what makes a good society.

What is Political Philosophy?

A basic rule included in a social contract

What is a Law of Nature?

The 3rd U.S President. He wrote the Declaration of Independence.

Who is Thomas Jefferson?

The day the Declaration of Independence was passed, and America gained independence from Great Britain.

What is July 4, 1776?

A founding father, who is known for his large signature on the Declaration of Independence.

Who is John Hancock?

The ruler of Great Britain who served from 1760 - 1820.

Who is King George III?

Basic human rights that cannot be taken away. 

What are unalienable rights?

The last section of the Constitution, there are 27 of them.

What are the amendments?

The first section, and the intro of the constitution

What is the Preamble?

The second section of the Constitution, there are seven of them.

What are the articles?

The power the judicial branch has to interpret the constitution.

What is judicial review?

A word used in the preamble of the constitution to describe future generations.

What is posterity?

Included in the first amendment, this is the right to express your beliefs.

What is freedom of speech?

Included in the first amendment, this right allows people to practice their religion.

What is freedom of religion?

Included in the first amendment, this right allows people to gather peacefully.

What is freedom of assembly?

Included in the first amendment, this right allows the media to publish information without government interference.

What is freedom of the press?

Included in the first amendment, this clause prevents the government from having a favored religion.

What is the establishment clause?

Giving permission for something to happen or an agreement to do something.

What is consent?

A 17th century English philosopher who believed in absolutism.

Who is thomas hobbes?

A 17th century English philosopher who believed in limited government.

Who is John Locke?

An agreement between the people and the government, outlining the responsibilities of both parties.

What is a social contract

Published in 1689, this book on political philosophy promotes limited government and natural rights.

What is the Two Treatises?

The name for the group of colonies America was founded on, which originally revolted from Britain.

What are the original thirteen colonies?

The country from which the 13 colonies declared independence from.

What is Great Britain?

King George the III was often referred to as this by the colonists.

What is a tyrant?

A grievance listed in the Declaration of Independence, where British troops were kept in the colonies to enforce British law against the colonists' will.

What is a standing army?

A king exercising his absolute power over his subjects, often cruelly and oppressively.

What is despotism?

The upper chamber of Congress.

What is the Senate?

One of the three branches of government outlined in the constituiton, it creates and passes the laws for the country.

What is the legislative branch?

The main legislative body of the United States.

What is Congress?

This section of the Constitution dictates that each state must respect the judicial proceedings, public acts, and records of other states.

What is the full faith and credit clause?

This right is guaranteed by the Second Ammendment, and allows you to own firearms.

What is the right to bear arms?

This allows you to lobby the government about concerns you have.

What is the petition clause?

Guaranteed by the second amendment, and described as necessary to the security of a free state.

What is a well organized militia?

Included in the Fourth Amendment, this protects your property and requires officials to have a warrant.

What is the search and seizure clause?

This prevents you from being tried for the same crime twice.

What is the double jeopardy clause?

Psychological characteristics or behavioral traits of humankind, regarded as shared by all humans?

What is human nature?

Thomas Hobbes, the English philosopher, was best known for his 1651 book ______?

What is Leviathan?

A political system established by its people meant to protect the rights of its citizens?

What is limited government?

Rights that cannot be taken away, given up, or transferred to another person. They are considered to be natural and inherent?

What are Inalienable Rights?

A moral or religious principle that is believed to overrule secular constitutions and rules?

What is higher law?

Simulated court cases.

What are mock trials?

The act of providing food, shelter, and other support to militants/soldiers of the king.

What is quartering soldiers?

Soldiers who are paid by Great Britain to fight with their army.

What are foreign mercenaries?

Words synonymous with pain, suffering, deceitfulness, and being untrustworthy used to describe the King of England.

What is cruelty and perfidy?

The act of asking the government to address a wrong or grievance.

What is a petition for redress?

A person who has the right to vote in an election.

What is an elector?

The official ranking just below our executive leader.

Who is the Vice President?

Vice president.

Who is the President of the Senate?

The U.S. Constitution grants the House of Representatives this authority to bring charges against federal officials, including the President.

What is power to impeach?

This clause in Article I, Section 8 of the U.S. Constitution grants Congress the authority to declare war.

What is the War Powers Clause?

This Sixth Amendment guarantee allows defendants in criminal trials to cross-examine those testifying against them.

What is the Right to confront witnesses?

This Sixth Amendment guarantee ensures that a defendant can call individuals to testify in their defense during a trial.

What is the Right to have witnesses?

The Fifth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, it protects individuals from implicating themselves in a crime.

What is the Self-incrimination Clause?

Part of the Fifth Amendment, it prohibits the government from seizing private property for public use without providing fair compensation to the owner.

What is the Takings Clause?

Part of the Fifth Amendment, it ensures that serious federal criminal charges must first be reviewed by a group of citizens before a defendant can be indicted.

What is the Grand Jury Clause?

The final decision made by a jury in a trial.

What is a jury verdict?

Verbal presentations lawyers make to highlight certain points in court.

What are oral arguments?

A trial where the judge makes the decision.

What is a bench-trial?

A request to review the proceedings of a court case.

What is an appeal?

The party who initiates the legal action. It is synonymous  with appellant.

What is a petitioner?

The person with whom the appeal is filed, it is synonymous with Appellee.

What is a respondent?

The person with whom the appeal is filed, it is synonymous with respondent.

What is an appellee?

Holding someone against their will without legal authority.

What is False imprisonment?

The use of reasonable force to protect oneself or others from imminent harm.

What is Self-defense?

As a legal defense, this allows a person to avoid criminal liability for an action that would otherwise be illegal if that action was required to prevent more serious harm from occurring.

What is Necessity?

A tort that occurs when someone intentionally interferes with another person's lawful possession of personal property (chattels) without justification, resulting in harm.

What is Trespass to chattels?

The right of an owner to use reasonable force to retake their personal property that has been wrongfully taken or possessed by another.

What is Recapture of chattels?

This occurs when a person, through extreme or outrageous behavior intentionally or recklessly causes severe mental or cognitive pain, trauma and/or bodily harm to another.

What is Infliction of emotional distress?

The wrongful exercise of dominion or control over another person's personal property, effectively denying the owner their right to possession.

What is Conversion?

A tort in which a defendant intended to cause contact which intentionally or unintentionally caused harm or offense.

What is a battery?

A tort in which the defendant intended to cause fear of imminent harmful or offensive contact.

What is an assault?

Entering another property without permission.

What is trespass to land?

The party who appeals a lower country judment to a higher court, sometimes refered to as a petitioner.

What is an appellant?

When someone means to harm one person but harms another instead, this legal principal shifts the purpose to who was actually harmed.

What is transferred intent?

This committee deterimes if the law has been correctly applied in lower courts.

What is a three-judge panel?

Mean “at first sight” in latin, and represent conditions that must be met before something may be taken to trial.

What is a prima facie case?

Legal protections that guarantee equal citizenship and prohibit discrimination

What are civil rights?

that which is shared by and beneficial to all or most members of a given community:

What is common good?

A class of rights that protect individuals' freedom from infringement by governments, social organizations, and private individuals.

What are political rights?

One that is elected by the people and is accountable to the citizens of the nation.

What is Legitimate government?

a political system where a single ruler has complete power over a country.

Absolutism

a phrase from the United States Declaration of Independence that describes fundamental rights that all people should have.

What is Life, Liberty, and the Pursuit of Happiness?

the union of all the states under the United States Constitution, with governmental control vested in the people of the various states.

What is the United States of America?

Jefferson refers to this person, often referred to as god, as the highest authority and arbiter of justice in the world:

Who is Supreme Judge of the World?

A political community that has its own government and is not subject to the authority of a larger entity.

What are free and independent states?

The 13 colonies asked for this in the Denunciation in order to gain freedom.

What is separation?

Responsible for enforcing the laws of the land.

What is the executive branch?

Second in line to succeed the President, after the Vice President.

Who is the speaker of the house?

Also known as legislative power

What is the power to make laws?

A power that solely belongs to the senate, that could end in conviction

What is the power to try impeachments?

The house of representatives holds this, it is ability to tax and spend public money for the national government

What is the power of the purse?

famously known as the "Father of the Constitution"

Who is James Madison?

a fundamental right in criminal trials, ensures defendants are judged solely on evidence and legal principles, free from bias or prejudice.  

What is impartial jury?

a legal proceeding that is open to the public, ensuring transparency and accountability within the justice system.

What is a public trial?

guaranteed by the Sixth Amendment of the US Constitution, ensures that criminal defendants are not held indefinitely under unproven accusations, and that their trials are conducted promptly. 

What is a speedy trial?

 a fundamental principle of fairness, ensures that legal proceedings are conducted fairly and according to established rules, protecting individuals from arbitrary government actions. 

What is due process of law?