[KAS 1] Quiz 3

Hapsburg Dynasty

What Spanish dynasty was notorious for being the most inbred?

El Hechizado

King Charles II was also known as a term meaning “the Bewitched”, which is?

Philippe the Duke of Anjou and Leopold the Holy Roman Emperor

The War of the Spanish Succession was fought between?

Treaties of Utrecht

Which treaties ended the War of the Spanish Succession?

French Enlightenment

The ideologies Philip V brought to Spain, emphasizing reason, science, economic development, and the clear separation of Church and State

Bourbon Reforms

The widespread political and economic changes initiated by Philip V across Spain were called?

Jose Basco

Which governor-general appointed in the Philippines signified that the Bourbon Reforms had reached the country?

Real Sociedad Economica de Amigos del Pais

What society was formed by Basco to assess the local economy of the Philippines?

Only developed a small merchant class to exist and failed to develop local products and industries

The Real Sociedad Economica de Amigos del Pais found that the Galleon Trade (2)…?

Real Compaña de Filipinas

Which society formed by Basco organized a direct trade route to Spain through the Indian Ocean, encouraging local products for export?

Mexican War of Independence

Why did the Galleon Trade shut down?

Ferrocaril de Manila-Dagupan and Tranvia de Manila

What were two railway systems constructed by the Spanish as a result of the Philippines opening to world trade?

Puento Colgante

What was the name of the first suspension bridge in Southeast Asian?

Hotel de Oriente and Fonda de Lala

What were two hotels built around Manila to accommodate foreigners?

Monocropping

The assignment of one crop to be grown in one particular area

Inquilino

A principalia family that managed hacienda lands on behalf of the hacendero.

Casamahanes

Indio farmers that received 25% between all of them, for their work in the hacienda.

Bestias cargadas de oro

While below the Spanish, the clase media had comparable wealth, which earned them the pejorative description meaning “beasts carrying gold”

Mongrelization

Alternate derogatory term for miscegenation

Fr. Pedro Pelaez

A Spanish mestizo priest who initially headed the secular movement.

Dasalan at Toksohan

Bastardized version of the Doctrina Christiana

Asosacion Hispano-Filipino

Composed of ilustrados and some sympathetic Spanish citizens on 12 Jan 1889. Their goal was to convince Spanish politicians and lawmakers to support the provincehood of the Philippines.

Miguel Morayta

Rizal’s history professor in Madrid and member of Asosacion Hispano-Filipino; through his influence, they successfully lobbied for the Maura Laws.

1. Mandatory teaching of Spanish in schools

2. To designate more duties and responsibilities for the municipal government

What were the Maura Laws?

La Solidaridad

An official biweekly newspaper of the same name. The organization itself was established in January 1889, while the first issue was released on 15 February 1889.

Graciano Lopez y Jaena of Iloilo

First editor of La Solidaridad

La Politica de España en Filipinas

Counter newspaper to La Sol

El Responsable

The head of the central movement that Rizal failed to secure

A civic organization established by Rizal which aimed to “unite the whole archipelago into one compact, vigorous, and homogenous body” and to defend the colonial subjects “against all violence and injustice”.

What was the La Liga Filipina?

Reformists

What were the Cuerpo de Compromisarios?

Revolutionaries

What was the Katipunan?

1. To elevate the status of the Philippines from being a colony to an official Spanish province. Thus, these ilustrados were deemed assimilationists

2. To intensify the secularization of Philippine churches,

3. To introduce more educational reforms, particularly to make education more accessible to the native population and to remove the schools from friar control; and

4. To improve the economic conditions in the Philippines.

What were the goals of the ilustrados’ propaganda movement?

1. articles on the abuse of colonial officers and the friars

2. editorials that favored the Philippines’ provincehood

3. pieces highlighting the ilustrados’ achievements

The La Solidaridad published what kinds of issues?

To invest in local agriculture for export; to invite the Chinese to emigrate into the colony; and to create a bigger merchant class.

What did the society, Real Sociedad Economica de Amigos del Pais, urge the colonial government to do?

1. Commercialization of agriculture, particularly of cash crops, like sugar, coffee, tobacco, cotton, and abaca;

2. Influx of foreigners and establishment of consulates, such as those of the United States (1817), France (1829), Russia (1817), and Japan (1888);

3. Entrance of foreign companies

What were the several changes resulting from the opening of the Philippines to world trade?

1. Unprecedent improvements in infrastructure and communication.

2. Spanish economic policies had to be recalibrated to respond to the growing demands of world trade.

3. The period witnessed the mixing of ethnicities, or miscegenation, which produced the mestizos.

What are some of the projects and changes implemented by the Spanish to maximize world trade profits?

An organization that pre-dated the La Liga, aiming to give the Philippines independence through an armed revolt.

What was the Katipunan?

Sistemang patatsulok, before being replaced by mass recruitment

How did the Katipunan recruit members?

They answered a membership form and a set of questions, and were required to pay their monthly dues too

What was the process of joining the Katipunan?

To avoid suspicion from their wives and families

Why was the Katipunan’s women’s chapter created?

Josefa Rizal

Who led the Katipunan’s women’s chapter?

Gregoria de Jesus

Who was the Katipunan’s women’s chapter Lakambini?

Josephine Bracken

Jose Rizal’s wife, who fought in the war post-execution

Pio Valenzuela

Who was sent to Rizal while he was in jail to seek his suggestions for an armed revolt?

Collect enough weapons and ammunition for the katipuneros; enlist the support of the wealthy clase media for financial assistance; and choose a well-trained military leader who will further strategize the war against the Spanish.

What were Rizal’s suggestions to the Katipunan for an armed revolt?

Roxas, Limjap, and Yangco families

Which wealthy families did Rizal suggest to garner support for the revolution?

Antonio Luna

Which strategist did Rizal suggest against the Spanish?

The Katipunan newspaper where the works of the katipuneros were published. To mislead authorities, Marcelo H. del Pilar was identified as editor and Yokohama, Japan as the place of publication.

What was the Kalayaan?

A conflict between Teodoro Patiño and Apolonio dela Cruz, who both worked for the Diario de Manila, led Patiño to reveal the existence of the Katipunan to his sister Honoria, a nun working at a Spanish orphanage

How was the Katipunan discovered?

To confess his sins to Mariano Gil, an Augustinian friar who had been hearing rumors of a revolt

What did Patiño’s sister Honoria suggest to him?

The Cry of Pugadlawin, which was Bonifacio’s proclamation of the premature start to the revolution

What happened on 23 August 1896?

The huge provinces were all placed under martial law on 30 August; a blanket amnesty was offered to katipuneros who would surrender within the next 48 hours; suspected members and sympathizers of the Katipunan were arrested, exiled, or executed, such as Rizal

What was Governor-General Ramon Blanco’s response to the Cry of Pugadlawin?

The battles headed by Bonifacio in Manila sustained heavy losses, while the battles in Cavite headed by Aguinaldo and Baldomero won continuously

What was the military situation during the start of the revolution?

Magdalo proposed the dissolution of the Katipunan for a formal government; the Magdiwang refused

What was the root cause of factionalism in Cavite?

It is inferred that it is because the Magdiwang was led by Mariano Alvarez, an uncle of Gregoria de Jesus, Bonifacio’s second wife

Why did the Magdiwang refuse the Magdalo’s proposal?

It was a convention that aimed to settle the Cavite factionalism, which ultimately led to the decision to dissolve the Katipunan and elect a new set of leaders that would form the new government

What was the Tejeros Convention and what was decided in it?

Daniel Tirona protested the election of Bonifacio as Director of the Interior, as he believed it should be given to a more educated individual

Why did Bonifacio end up invalidating the decisions made at the Tejeros Convention?

The first document released by Bonifacio post-Tejeros convention which detailed the reasons why the convention had to be declared null and void

What was the Acta de Tejeros?

The second document which ordered all the revolutionaries to recognize the Katipunan as the sole legitimate government of the Philippines

What was the Naic Military Agreement?

He reconcentrated Spanish troops in Cavite instead of Manila, as he recognized Aguinaldo as the president

What did newly-appointed governor-general Fernando Primo de Rivera decide to do?

Aguinaldo plagiarized it as the constitution for the Republic of Biak-na-Bato

What is the context of the mention of Cuba’s Jimaguayu Constitution in the Philippine Revolution?

Because Aguinaldo had been in negotiations with Primo de Rivera through Pedro Paterno

Why did Aguinaldo’s Biak-na-Bato seem performative?

A ceasefire is forced between the belligerent parties; the Aguinaldo government must move to Hong Kong as political exiles. In exchange, they will receive 800,000 pesos in three installments: 400,000 will be given upon departure, 200,000 will be given upon the surrender of at least 700 pieces of firearms, 200,000 will be given when the King of Spain provides royal amnesty to the revolutionaries, and 900,000 for the civilians affected by the war

What were the provisions of the truce of Biak-na-Bato?

Several revolutionaries, such as Francis Macabulos of Tarlac, refused to honor the agreement and abandon the war

Why did the truce of Biak-na-Bato fail?

They established the Hong Kong Junta, which functioned as a government in exile, and deposited the 400,000 in a bank with the intent to use it to buy firearms.

What was the Aguinaldo group’s first course of action? What happened to the 400,000?

Isabelo Artacho, a member of the group, demanded a portion of the money given by the Spanish; when Aguinaldo refused, he threatened to sue

Why was Aguinaldo forced to escape from Hong Kong to Singapore?

Aguinaldo was summoned by Edward Spencer Pratt, the US consul-general in Singapore, who advised Aguinaldo to ally with the Americans via the US Asiatic Squadron, a unit in Hong Kong under Commodore George Dewey

What happened to Aguinaldo once he arrived in Singapore?

It was triggered by the explosion and sinking of the USS Maine, a US warship docked in Havana, Cuba, which led to 261 casualties; the Americans blamed the Spanish for this

What led to the Spanish-American War on 25 April?

He was the US consul-general in Hong Kong who advised Aguinaldo to procure more weapons and establish a dictatorial government upon returning to the Philippines, after he had missed Dewey who had already left for Manila

Who is Rounsvelle Wildman?

Dewey attacked the Spanish Navy under the command of Admiral Patricio Montojo in Cavite, destroying its entire naval fleet

What is the Battle of Manila Bay?

Aguinaldo came back to the PH on the 17th, then established a dictatorial government on the 24th, with Apolinario Mabini as his adviser.

What happened on the 17th and 24th of May, post-Manila Bay Battle?

Aguinaldo proclaimed Philippine Independence in Kawit; he was against it because it was a premature celebration, and he was wary of the American presence in the country

What happened on the 12th of June 1898 and why was Mabini against it?

15 Sep at the Barasoain Church in Malolos, Bulacan.

When did the Malolos Congress, the government’s legislative arm, first convene?

On 21 Jan 1899, the Malolos Constitution was adopted. Two days later, the First Philippine Republic was inaugurated with Aguinaldo as president.

How did Aguinaldo further establish his government under American support?

Mabini was the first prime minister, but was quickly replaced by Paterno; the creation of a Supreme Court had been in order, with Mabini as the first chief justice, but the Philippine-American War made it impossible to execute

What was happening to Mabini in the government post-Manila Bay Battle?

Released nationalistic newspapers, established a public school system and a state university, the Universidad Literaria de Filipinas, and sent diplomats to world superpowers

How did the Aguinaldo government attempt to gain recognition and acknowledgment of the Philippine Independence?

The Americans and the Spanish had been negotiating as early as May 1898 through the mediation of the Belgian consul-general to the Philippines, the diplomat Edouard Andre

What was happening between the US and Spain while Aguinaldo was attempting to establish Philippine Independence?

That the governor-general Fermin Jaudenes would surrender the Philippines to the US after a mock battle had been staged

What agreement did the Americans and Spanish come to during negotiations?

Because the Protocol of Peace, calling for a ceasefire and the drafting of a treaty, had already been signed in Washington DC a day before the mock battle

Why was the Spanish-American mock battle unnecessary?

The treaty stated that the Philippines would be purchased by the US for 20 mil. Mexican Pesos; it was swiftly ratified by the Spanish Cortes, but opinions between the Republicans and Democrats were divided on colonizing the Philippines

What is the Treaty of Paris and what were its impacts?

McKinley stated that the Philippines was ceded to them as per American victory; Aguinaldo countered that Filipino troops were always ready to defend their independence, which was taken as a declaration of war.

What was McKinley’s Benevolent Assimilation Proclamation? What was Aguinaldo’s counter-proclamation?

Private William Grayson attempted to halt an advancing group of Filipino soldiers on the 4th of Feb 1899; two days later, the Treaty of Paris was formalized

What caused the first shot of the Philippine-American War? What happened two days later?

Antonio Luna in the North, Pio del Pilar in the South.

Who was leading the Filipino troops in Northern Luzon against Arthur MacArthur and Southern Luzon against Henry Lawton?

Despite being led by Martin Delgado, the neighboring island Negros sided with the Americans as they were their biggest trading partner, therefore making the war easier for the US

What made the American’s victory against Panay so easy?

Because John Bates decided to strike a deal with Sultan Jamalol Kiram instead of war

Why was the American approach in Mindanao much more peaceful?

The power and duties of the sultan will remain; religious freedom will be ensured; and the sultan and his datus will receive 250 to 1,500 Mexican dollars per month.

What were the provisions of the Bates Treaty of 20 August 1899?

Luna was dead; huge parts of Visayas and Mindanao were already under American control; the president had to move his capital from Malolos to Tarlac, Pangasinan, and Ilocos.

What was happening by the second half of 1899?

He proposed to stop and engage American troops at an elevated area called the Tirad Pass. The subsequent clash, the Battle of Tirad Pass, took place on 02 December.

What was Gregorio del Pilar’s plan in Ilocos?

The Americans found an alternate route to the Filipinos’ location with the help of the Igorot Januario Galut; 52 of the 60 Filipino soldiers who fought were killed.

Why did the Battle of Tirad Pass end in the Americans’ favor?

He was captured on the 23rd of April 1901 in Palanan, Isabela, after his messenger Cecilio Seguismundo revealed his location.

How was Aguinaldo finally captured; where was he found?

19th of April, Aguinaldo officially surrendered via proclamation; 4th of July, the US declared the Filipino insurrection over.

What happened after Aguinaldo was captured?