Uint 3 lab tech test

) What is a leukocyte

WBC

What is leukopenia/ leukocytopenia

decreased in WBCs in the blood

) What is leukocytosis

an increase in WBCs in the blood

What is leukemia

a malignant disease of leukocytes and their precursors

What is panleukopenia

abnormal depression in numbers of all WBCs

When are leukocyte counts the highest during the day

in the afternoon and evening

What age of animals typically have higher leukocyte counts than normal

young animals

What happens to the leukocytes of cats when they are stressed?

stress leukogram, increase in Leukocytes

What happens to the WBC’s of bovines when they have an infection?-

leukopenia due to lack of bone marrow response to infection

If I am going to count reticulocytes, what type of stain should I use

new methylene blue

What are some causes of anemia

blood loss, coagulopathies, Epistaxis ( nose bleed), Gastrointestinal bleeding, splenic rupture, trauma

What are causes of non-regenerative anemia

decreased or ineffective production, inflammatory disease, aplastic or hypoplastic, metabolic disease, diabetes, Cushing's disease, neoplasia

What are some general clinical signs of anemia

MM pallor, anorexia, lethargy, weakness, dyspnea, collapse, tachypnea, heart murmur

What are some signs of gross blood loss

hematemesis, epistaxis, ecchymosis ( bruise) , melena ( tarry, foul-smelling stools, indicating upper GI bleed), hematochezia ( very bloody feces) , hematomas

Signs of hemolytic

icterus, hemoglobinemia, hemoglobinuria

If 1% of RBC’s are lost daily due to a condition, how does your body compensate for the loss

increased tissue perfusion of blood, increased cardiac output, increased intake of oxygen, increased RBC production -6-10x over normal

What are some diagnostic tests we run when an animal is anemic

CBC, smear, RBC morphology and reticulocyte count, chemistry, urinalysis, fecal examination, bone marrow examination, coagulation profile, immune testing, endocrine testing

What is polycythemia

What is another term for polycythemi

an increase in erythrocyte count in peripheral blood, RBC counts are high, increased volume or concentration of RBC resulting in thickened blood that flows poorly.

erythrocytosis

What is a relative polycythemia

the total RBC mass is normal, PCV, Hgb, and RBC counts are high

What can cause a relative polycythemia?-

hemoconcentration, loss of fluids due to diarrhea vomiting, and polyuria

What is an absolute polycythemia

increase is due to a true increase in RBC mass

What is a primary absolute polycythemia

RBC cells grow without the presence of erythropoietin

What causes a primary absolute polycythemia

What is a secondary absolute polycythemia

myeloproliferative disease ( rare)

involves erythropoietin

What causes an appropriate secondary absolute polycythemia

associated with hypoxia, pulmonary disease heart disease high altitudes

What causes an inappropriate secondary absolute polycythemia

increase in erythropoietin without hypoxia renal tumors.

Why must the volume and content of fluid compartments in a body be precisely regulated

to maintain homeostasis

What are the two major compartments of fluid within the body

intracellular- found within the cell, and extracellular

What are the areas extracellular fluid can be found?-

interstitial, plasma, lymph, cerebrospinal fluid, GI synovial, ears/ eyes, pericardial

What is the single largest component of the body

Water

Which type of animals have higher %’s of water within their bodies?

young and old

What are the sources of water intake in the body?-

digestive tract, metabolic water- chemical reactions- Oxidative reactions.

How is water eliminated in the body

kidneys, GI tract, skin, respiration sensible urine, feces, vomit, and insensible- respiration and sweat

What happens when the body has a loss of water to help regulate water intake

thirst, an increase of osmotic pressure of blood.

What are the solutes in body fluid

Na, Ca2, Mg2, HPO4, K, protein

Are the solutes in body fluid present in the same amount in all types of body fluid?

no they vary in their amounts

What controls the movement of solvent and solute between plasma and interstitial fluid

osmotic pressure, oncotic pressure and hydrostatic pressure

explain the Arterial end of the capillary

hydrostatic pressure is high, osmotic pressure is low, this encourages small solutes and water to flow out of the vessels

Why does the body create a gradient in osmotic and hydrostatic pressures between plasma and interstitial fluid at the end of capillaries?-

to get things to where they need to go outside of the vessel

explain Venous end of capillary

hydrostatic pressure is low, the osmotic pressure is low, this encourages water and small solutes to flow into the vessel

Your body is also sending waste into the vessels to be filtered out by what major organs

kidneys, liver spleen, and lymph system

If fluid leaving the capillaries is greater than that returning to the capillaries, how does the extra fluid re-enter the venous system?

the lymphatic system

What happens if the balance of solute/solvent is upset between plasma and interstitial fluid?-

Edema happens which is an abnormal accumulation of fluid in the cavities and intercellular spaces of the body

What are some causes of edema

hypertension- the force on the arterial wall is too high, inflammation- water comes to dilute the area,  loss of protein- protein is what holds water in the vessels if the protein is low water will leak out and accumulate in other places

What part of the kidney determines the final urine volume and USG

Collecting tubules in the nephron

What happens to the urine if there is no ADH present in the kidney

causes dilute urine

What products are conserved by the kidney?-

water, glucose, AA’s NA, HCO3 ( sodium bicarb) Ca, Mg, proteins

Which products are excreted by the urine

urea, CRE< PO4, K, H+, ammonium, ketones, bilirubin, hgb, myoglobin

What are the functions of the kidneys?

produce EPO, acid/base balance regulation, Renin secretion, calcium and PO4 homeostasis, blood pressure, regulation

What does aldosterone regulate in the kidney

sodium levels

What does ADH regulate in the kidney

regulates the amount of water retained by the kidneys

What are the properties of urine that are evaluated during a urinalysis?-

physical properties, chemical properties, microscopic properties

Why are urinalyses done

screening for disease, diagnosis of disease, monitoring disease prognosis of disease- kidney failure, antifreeze, ingestion intravascular hemolysis liver failure

When should urine be analyzed?

change in physical appearance, frank blood passed in the urine, polyuria/polydipsia, licking external genitalia excessively, increased urinary frequency, dehydration, vomiting, signs of fluid accumulation anywhere renal disease UTI, uroliths, fever of unknown origin

What are the methods of collecting urine

free catch, manual expression, cystocentesis, catheterization, off the table

When completing a free catch method to collect urine, what is the urine contaminated with and why?-

Bacteria

What method of collection is not recommended due to the likelihood of hematuria

manual expression

What is a cystocentesis

Place a needle into the bladder and aspirate to see if you get urine in your syringe

What are some complications of cystocentesis

hemorrhage, enter intestine

What are some advantages to collecting urine via cystocentesis that makes it often the method of choice?

lack of contamination of bacteria and cells of the distal urethra, you can obtain the volume you need, can be collected aseptically.

What are some reasons to place a urinary catheter

helpful to relieve obstruction, good for contrast studies, monitoring urine production

What are some complications of urinary catheterization?

retrograde UTI, trauma from catheter, hemorrhage, fibrosis.

What are the characteristics of containers for urine specimens?

clean, dry, sterile if you need a sample for culture, disposable plastic, lid screws on , do no leak.

What must be included on the label for a urine specimen?-

what patient and client, how it was collected, when it was collected.

) How long can a urine sample set out before it requires refrigeration?-

30 min

How long can urine be kept in the refrigerator and still be analyzed

24 hours

What are some changes in urine if you delay testing

Ph may increase, glucose may decrease, ketones may decrease, bilirubin may decrease, nitrate and turbidity may increase

) How can we calculate if an animal is polyuric

dogs- if the exceed 50ml/kg/day cats- 40ml/kg/day

How can we determine if an animal is polydipsic

drinking more than 100ml/kg/day, increased urination, dilute urine

What can induce PU/PD?- 

steroids, diuretics

What does a pale color of urine indicate

high water consumption, or increased fluid excretion, dilute urine

What does a dark color of urine indicate

concentrated urine, dehydrated, and the kidneys are functioning properly.

Orange urine

Green urine

red urine

Red brown urine

Bilirubin, tetracyclines

Yellow bile pigment

hemoglobin, erythrocytes

myoglobinuria- hemoglobin in muscles , expected in animals that run races or had severe muscle trauma

What species do we expect to see turbid urine in

horses and rabbits

What does milky urine indicate

usually due to fat, WBC, infection, inflammation, or stones

) What can cause an increase in urine turbidity

RBC, WBC, bacteria, yeast, Spermatozoa, prostatic fluid, epithelial cells, urinary cells, urinary casts, Mucus, crystals

What does sweet-smelling urine indicate

Ketosis ( pregnancy toxemia), Diabetic ketoacidosis

What has a higher osmolality, urine or plasma

Urine

What USG range is considered isosthenuric

What USG range is considered hyposthenuric

1.008-1.012

1.00-1.007

Why do we care about urine pH

an indicator of acid-base balance

What type of diet typically produces more alkaline urine

Herbivores

What type of diet typically produces urine that is more acidic urine

omnivores

What are some normal causes of proteinuria

Stress, Exercise, Fever, Seizures, exposure to extreme temp

What are abnormal causes of proteinuria

renal disease, Extra renal disease, hemorrhage into the urinary tract, inflammation

) What type of causes of proteinuria will lead to a loss of albumin

Renal disease, extra-renal disease, hemorrhage into the urinary tract, and inflammation.

What type of causes of proteinuria are transient

Stress, exercise, fever, seizures, and exposure to extreme temperatures.

When can we see glucose in the urine

when glucose is high, Dogs > 180-220mg/dl, Cat > 280-290        

What are some causes of glucosuria

Diabetes Mellitus, stress, infusion of dextrose fluids, proximal renal tubular disease acute renal failure, Fanconi Syndrome, high card meal before collection

What causes ketonuria

inability to utilize/process available carbohydrates, inadequate carbohydrate consumption, Diabetes Ketoacidosis, Starvation/prolonged disease, low Carb diets, persistent fever, energy imbalance

What can ketoacidosis lead to

severe dehydration, metabolic acidosis , electrolyte imbalances, coma, Sick animal leads to a dead animal.

Is ketonemia considered normal

normal within a certain concentration

Is ketonuria considered normal

never normal, animals with Ketonuria are often very sick

What causes bilirubinuria

intravascular hemolysis, liver insult or failure, fever, starvation

What species is a small/trace amount of bilirubin the urine considered normal

Dogs

What species is bilirubin in the urine always significant

Cats

Does hematuria clear with centrifugation

Yes

Does hemoglobinuria or myoglobinuria clear with centrifugation

neither

How do you want to confirm blood on a urine reagent stick

Examine a urine sediment.

What causes of hematuria can be a contaminant

Female in heat, traumatic stick during cysto.

What are true causes of hematuria

Renal or urinary tract disease, tumors, trauma, exercise-induced.

Normal SG in dogs and cats

Dogs> 1.025, Cats> 1.030