History final

immigration

act of coming to live permanently in a foreign country

reform

a change for the better

Declaration of Independence

document written by Thomas Jefferson in 1776. Colonies declaration of independence from British rule. Document also includes the founding ideals for the United States going forward

democracy

a system of gov't where the power to rule comes from the consent of the governed

liberty

freedom

rights

powers or privileges granted to people by law

opportunity

a chance for people to pursue their hopes and dreams

equality

a situation in which all people are treated the same way and valued equally

mercantilism

Economic system where colonies were established to harvest and trade resources with the home country. Home country would then convert raw materials into manufactured goods and sell them back to the colonies and elsewhere.

colonies were expensive, so in a mercantile system there was a huge demand for large numbers of cheap laborers - leads to desire for slave labor

2nd Wave Immigrants

24 million immigrants who came to U.S. from 1880-1924 - came from all over world and were different than previous immigrant groups

Industrial Revolution

shift from farming to manufacturing econ, led to urbanization

middle class

middle managers and skilled workers like mechanics and toolmakers

urbanization

growth in size & population of cities

free market system

an economy that relies on market forces (supply of a good and the demand of the consumer) to distribute goods and resources and to determine prices; no government interference

trust

a large business

competition

multiple vendors competing to sell the same product (leads to lower prices)

supply

Amount of product available

demand

Desire for a good or product

monopoly

When one company controls the entire supply of a good or service - no competition

tenement

Overcrowded apartment that had poor living conditions - many new immigrants could only afford to live in tenements

poverty cycle

family is poor → child works → child does not get an edu → child grows up to perform unskilled labor

laissez-faire capitalism

"Let things be" a hands off approach to governing where the government does not interfere with business or social problems

labor surplus

When there are more workers looking for work than jobs available

unskilled jobs

Jobs that require little skill, education, or training to accomplish - many factory and industrialized jobs relied on unskilled labor

robber baron

a person who has become rich through ruthless business practices

Red Summer

Race motivated violence during the summer of 1919 - black agency is responded to with white rage

Eugene Williams swims in white section = white rage

Black AK sharecroppers unionize = white rage

Black WWI vets wear uniforms in public = white rage

Dawes Act

1887 law, created to force Native assimilation into white culture, ended communal land ownership

The U.S. gov. distributed 160 acres of land to families within a tribe in exchange for American citizenship

Surplus land was sold to white settlers

Poor land given to Native people = cycle of poverty and destroyed traditions

assimilation

"fitting in" with dominant culture

political corruption

dishonest or illegal actions by people in positions of power for personal gain

political machines

a political party organization, headed by a "boss"

Influence elections

muckraker

A journalist that used writing or photography to expose problems to the public

Lincoln Steffens

used writing (Shame of the Cities) to expose political corruption to the public

Upton Sinclair

used writing (The Jungle) to expose poor working conditions

Ida Tarbell

used writing (The History of Standard Oil Company) to expose Standard Oil monopoly and Rockefeller's unfair business tactics

Lewis Hine

used photographs of child labor, making the problem more real for the public

Jacob Riis

used photographs of tenement conditions to expose problems with overcrowding and poverty in New York's tenements

Ida B. Wells

used writing/reports to expose problem of Anti-Black racism and racist violence

NAACP

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People - formed in 1908

cofounded by Du Bois

sought to gain equality and civil rights for Black ppl through education and political action

W.E.B. Du Bois

believed Black people needed to get an education and position of power to gain civil rights and social equality. Formed the NAACP

Booker T. Washington

believed Black ppl needed to gain job and technical skills to earn economic security. His plan accepted segregation as a necessary evil in exchange for job opportunities

Great Migration

movement of Black ppl from the South to northern cities seeking opportunity, less discrimination - approx 4 million moved from after the Civil War through WWII

Society of American Indians

1st national Indigenous rights organization (1911)

address the problems facing Native Americans (improve health, traditional edu, civil rights, and local gov)

Sherman Antitrust Act

law that made monopolies illegal

strike

When workers who have formed a union, stop working in an effort to improve pay, conditions, or hours at their work

union

a group of workers who join together to gain power to negotiate with business owners

regulation

the act of the government inspecting places such as factories to make sure they were following the rules.

16th Amendment

income tax to pay for regulations (enforcing reforms/laws)

17th Amendment

people elect senators

19th Amendment

women earned right to vote

initiative

the public can propose and vote on new laws after gathering a predetermined amount of signatures on a petition

referendum

the public can change or remove existing laws (vote yes or no)

recall

the public can call for a special election to remove an elected official from their position before their term is up

Chinese Exclusion Act

ban on Chinese immigration in 1882 (renewed until 1943)

Ellis Island

an island in NYC harbor that served as the busiest immigration inspection & processing station during PE

Gentlemen's Agreement

Japan will restrict immigration of poor Japanese

U.S. will keep schools desegregated in CA schools to protect Japanese immigrants

Immigration Act of 1917

restricted immigration w/ literacy test, a tax, and barred a significant amount of immigration from Asia (Asiatic Zone)

Immigration Act of 1924

restricted immigration from South & Eastern Europe

created a 2% cap on the amount of immigrants to U.S. based on the existing pop of immigrants in the U.S. according to the 1890 census

favored immigrants from NW Europe (Great Britain, Germany, & Scandinavia)

consumerism

In the 1920s, a social and economic order took over that encouraged the purchase of goods and services in ever increasing amounts instead of people making the good or doing the service on their own

keeping up w/ the Joneses

involves purchasing consumer goods or services to "fit in" with the lifestyle of a particular social group or social class

credit

involves purchasing a good or service now and agreeing to pay it back in the future; taking out a loan and paying it back later

bank run

a situation where many customers withdraw their money from a bank at the same time = banks fail/close & ppl lose $

New Deal

FDR's response to the Great Depression; it involved programs to provide immediate relief, recover, and reform

relief

New Deal programs that provided = jobs, food, & shelter to those in need, bank holiday to assess banks and only open up healthy ones

recovery

New Deal programs that aimed to return the economy to its former, stable, state = create jobs, loans to small businesses, & improving farming practices

overproduction

manufacturers and farmers producing far more goods and crops than they could sell → ↑ supply + ↓ demand = goods/crops lose value

cycle of depression

ppl can't pay loans back to bank → ppl do not have money → ppl do not buy products → factories lose money → factories lay people off → ppl are out of work