Chem chapter 1 sec 1

the elements with charge=1 8

li na k rb cs, Ag H and NH4

charge =2 10

be ba ca mg zn , sr pb ni cd and hg

3? 2

Al and Br

-1? 16 and ate here means o3, and IO and BrO act as CLO

Fkouride chloride bromide iodide hydride, hydroxide cyanide and amide(nh2), nitrite (no2) nitrate(no3) , hypochlorite chlorite chlorate and per chlorate and per manganate

Acetate ch3coo

-2? 11 Ate here means o4

Sulfate and sulfite carbonate co3 and silicate sio3, sulfide and oxide, peroxide o2^-2, oxalate c2o4 chromate and di chromate Cr2o7

-3?

Phosphate and phosphite and nitride

Oxidation number for example (ll) is equal to its charge

Compound in aq solution section 1

The definition of disociaition?

its a procces of seperation of ions in ionec compounds

What type of questions do we have with getting moles out?

when it says how many moles it talks about mole conversion

1)How many moles of ions means the product of ions so we sum the individual ion amounts that we got from mole conversion of the product to reactants

2)if the sum of the product os ions is given we do given/sum of products coeficcients= the moles of teh reactants

3) it can ask for grams we just get moles then we change it into grams by x molarmass

4) we can have molality or molarity its easy we just get mole numbers from this equation

Important notes,

how many questions are in a question can be determined by the number of comas,

We always need the formula and balance it

We balance from metal then nonmetal then hydrogen then oxygen

When we have a balanced equation we can get the mole of any by ratio

Nacl → na + cl what is the solution in your terms? And what is the solvent?

the solution is nacl, teh solvent is water

what is the unit of molar mass?

g/mol

cation and anion, which one is positeve and which one is negative?

cation is positeve

Precipitation reactions def?

is a reaction in which soluble ions in seperate solutions are mixed toogether to form an insoluble compounds that settles out of the solution as a solid , that insoluble compounds is called a precipitate

is there a compound that is completly soluble?

nope

when is a solid soluble in water and when is it not?

when the attraction force between the ions and the water is stronger than the attraction force between the ions the solid is soluble

But if the attraction between the ions is stronger then it isnt soluble

precipitation rules

amonnium, potasium and sodium

Nitrate chlorate acetate

Chloride except

Agcl HG1CL and pbcl if warm soluble if isnt mentioned or its cold insoluble

Sulfate except

Ba ca st pb hg

Carbonate and silicate and phosphate are only soluble with rule 1

Sulfides are in soluble except with rule 1 or ca or sr

Metal hydroxides are slightly soluble or insoluble

Except with

Sr Ba Li Na K Rb Cs

Net ionec equation;

its where a precipitate is formed

A precipitation reaction which type of reaction ocures??

double replacement reaction

Are all salts molecular?

no they are all ionec

Double displacement reaction happens when what and what reacts?

salt and salt, salt and base

When a salt and base and acid to react they must be in which state?

in the aq state

We have 3 propabilities

when our products are aq and aq no precipitate formes and we have no net ionec equation

We have aq and solid a precipitate forms and we have net ionec equations

And if solid solid then we still have net ionec equation and we have 2 precipitates

what are the equations we have?

overall equation full balanced equation

Over all ionec equation, sepertating ions just not our solid reactant

And net ionec equation removing spectators

Is s+aq→

Correct in this type of questions? Why?

nope because for salt+salt and salt+base to react both of them must be aques solutions

For the hard question we had we had some notes which were

1 when we have the same reactant and product we wont write em down On the reactant side and when we also have the same two reactants we wont write one on the right side

2 balance the ones that apear ones then the ones that apear alot of times

3 dont forget when we write the over all ionec equation look at the subscipts and coeficents and times them ( DONT TIMES THEIR ORIGINAL POLYATOMIC SUBSCRIPTS)

In salts we never have natural? why?

diatoms, because ine evry reaction they are already aq which means they are already submerged in water

Following which rules we dont have net ionec equation?

when we have two compounds and both 1)of its metals r rule 1ns or 2)both of its non metals are rule 2s and 3)if one of the compounds has both rule 1 and 2

Precipitation reaction another term for this word?

net ionec equation

When it asks for spectator ions they are almost always the ones with?

jokers

When it says which one of these wil form precipitate we always look for the?

3 rules 1 +1 2+2 1,2+

A net ionec equation must have these following points

1 doesnt have aq in products

2 doesnt have jokers in its reaction

For an element to become a spectator ion it must fully?

cancel out

Ionization def?

ions are formed from solute molecules by teh actiomn of the solvent

diffrence between ionization and disociaition?

ionec compound disolves→ ions seperate, and the same elements are on bopth sides

Covalent compounddisolves and ionizes in polar soleventwhich means ions are made then and we didnt have any before hand

Diffrent elements or on both sides

The extent to which a solute ionizes in a solution depends on?

1 strtength of bonds between the molcules of the solute

2 strength fo attraction between the solute and solvent molecules

What determines the ability of ionization of molecular compound in polar solution?

The covalent bonds between the molecules of solute and the attractive forces between molecules of solute and solvent

When an acid which its an electrolyte reacts witn h2o what does it form? how about bases?

a negative ion along with h30+, bases forms a positeve ion and OH

reactions in disociaitions have the same elements on both sides but ionization?

have completly diffrent elements on both sides

An hydronium ion is also called?

a hydrated proton

how can hydronium form?

many molecular compounds have a hydrogen atom bonded by a polar covalent bond, some of these compounds ionize in an aqeous solution to realease proton then that proton ion attracts directly to a water molecule where it becomes covalently bonded to oxygen and forms h 3 o

Why did we say ionize?

because all reactions where a hydronium ion is formed its when acid+h2o and all acids are electrolytes

Bases and acids of molecular compunds have which types of bodns between them?

polar covalent bonds

when acid h2o ocures our answers are allways (ions or molecules?)

ions

The general form of hydronium ion is? Dont forget its charge must be?

H2n+1On+, + and must be written

h15o7

Number of protons? Number of water molecules?

number of protons always 1

And number of water molecules 7 in which we always go by oxygens subscript

Hama generally what determines ionization and disociaition? First the substance has to be able to being disolved for it to be able to discociate or ionize and after that they have to relations with each other whats so ever

the bonds between the solute and solvent

( if attractive forces stronger between water and solute then they are able to be disociated or ionized)

Strong electrolyte

is any compound whos dilute aqeous solution conducts electricity well

This is due to?

the presence of all or almost all of the disolved compound in the form of ions

strong electrolytes has ….. bonds

weak

strong electrolyte solute is present in aqeous solution as?

hydrated ions rather than molecules

weak electrolyte

is any compounds whose dilute aqueous solutions conduct electricity poorly

this is due to the presence of?

smalla mount of disolved compound in the form of ions

When we have a yield sign it 100%? But when we have double sign?

most ionizes, most doesnt ionize

According to u which elements are all strong electrolytes?

all ionec compounds, and all strong acids and all strong bases

Weak electrolytes have?

strong bonds

weak electrolyteis is present in aqeuous solution as?

molecules ratehr than ions

strength of electrolytes is unrelated to? And conduct electricity aswell does not relate to?

concenteration , concenteration

When does the strength of electrolytes increase?

only by increasing degree of ionization and dissociaition

Explain why hcl is a strong electrolytes and hf is a weak electrolyte?

hcl is 100% ionized in water and has weak bonds

Hf slightly ionized in water and has strong bonds

define and distiungish betwen strong electrolytes and weak electrolytes

conducts electricity well

Forms alot of ions

Weak bonds between them

Completly ionizes

What determines the strength of sokute as an electrolyte

how many ions it forms after its disolved in water

distinguish between the use of teh terms strong adn weak and the sue of dilute and concenterated when describing electrolytes

strong and weak refer to disociaition and ioniation

Concenterated and dilute refer to the amount of solute disolved

What about the electrolytes is dependant on the concenteration?

the amount of electrolytes disolved but not the strength of electrolytes

When it asks which solution contains the larger total concenteration of ions

look if they are strong electrolytes or not and look at how many moles they have

If u see that they are both then use a formula and balance the equation then convert the molarity given into mole which its always mole/1liter so the molarity number given is equal to number of moles already

When is ionization used as a general term?

when geenral terms are used such as striong and weak eelctrolytes molecualr compound sionec compounds and not specific comounds such as nacl

Solubility/Disolving is not equal to?

disociaition or ionization

But likr i have said before a ssubstance has to be able to disolve to have disociaition or ionization

H2so4+2h2o→?

2h3o+so4 so so4 is alone

When must it be 2 aqeous solutions to react?

in precipitation reactions cuz its salt+salt salt+base

And for an compound of acid base or salt to be able to conduct electricity it must be in its aqeous form