LSW Exam Flashcards

What is stage 1 (out of 8) of Erikson's Psychosocial Development?

Trust vs Mistrust

Erikson's Theory: Consistent caregiving helps infants develop security, while inconsistent or neglectful care leads to wariness

Trust vs Mistrust

What is the age (year) for Erikson's Trust vs Mistrust?

Birth - 1 year (infant)

What is stage 2 (out of 8) of Erikson's Psychosocial Development?

Autonomy vs Shame/Doubt

Erikson's Theory: Where children learn to assert independence, success leads to self-determination, while failure results in embarrassment and uncertainty about their abilities

Autonomy vs Shame/Doubt

What is the age (year) for Erikson's Autonomy vs Shame/Doubt

1 - 3 years (Toddler)

What is stage 3 (out of 8) of Erikson's Psychosocial Development?

Initiative vs Guilt

Erikson's Theory: Where children gain confidence by engaging in activities and exploring their environment, while overly harsh criticism can lead to regret about their actions and desires

Initiative vs Guilt

What is the age (year) for Erikson's Initiative vs Guilt?

3 - 5 years (Preschool)

What is stage 4 (out of 8) of Erikson's Psychosocial Development?

Industry vs Inferiority

Erikson's Theory: Where children develop competence and confidence by mastering skills and completing tasks, while repeated failure or criticism can lead to feelings of mediocrity

Industry vs Inferiority

What is the age (year) for Erikson's Industry vs Inferiority?

6 - 12 years (School aged/puberty)

What is stage 5 (out of 8) of Erikson's Psychosocial Development?

Identity vs Role Confusion

Erikson's Theory: Where individuals explore values, beliefs, and goals to form a stable sense of self, while failure to do so can result in perplexity about their sense of self and role in life

Identity vs Role Confusion

What is the age (year) for Erikson's Identity vs Role Confusion?

12 - 18 years (adolescence)

What is stage 6 (out of 8) of Erikson's Psychosocial Development?

Intimacy vs Isolation

Erikson's Theory: Where individuals focus on forming close, committed relationships, failure to build these connections can lead to loneliness

Intimacy vs Isolation

What is the age (year) for Erikson's Intimacy vs Isolation?

18 - 40 years (early/young adulthood)

What is stage 7 (out of 8) of Erikson's Psychosocial Development?

Generativity vs Stagnation

Erikson's Theory: Where individuals focus on contributing to society and guiding the next generation through work or family, failure to do so can lead to feelings of being unproductive or disconnected

Generativity vs Stagnation

What is the age (year) for Erikson's Generativity vs Stagnation?

40 - 65 years (middle adulthood)

What is stage 8 (out of 8) of Erikson's Psychosocial Development?

Ego Integrity vs Despair

Erikson's Theory: Individuals reflect on their lives with either a sense of fulfillment and acceptance or regret and dissatisfaction.

Ego Integrity vs Despair

What is the age (year) for Erikson's Ego Integrity vs Despair?

65+ years (end of life/maturity)

Type of Attachment: Where infants use the caregiver as a fixed base, show distress when they leave, and are easily comforted when they return, reflecting consistent, responsive caregiving and healthy emotional regulation development

Secure Attachment

Type of Attachment: Where infants are very clingy before separation, extremely distressed when the caregiver leaves, and both seek and resist comfort when the caregiver returns, reflecting inconsistent caregiving and heightened anxiety about availability

Anxious-Abivalent (Resistant)

Type of Attachment: Where infants appear indifferent when the caregiver leaves or returns, but still experience high physiological stress (elevated cortisol), reflecting emotionally unavailable or rejecting caregiving that leads to suppressed outward distress

Anxious-Avoidant

Type of Attachment: Where infants display confused, contradictory, or apprehensive behaviors toward the caregiver, such as approaching but then freezing, avoiding, or showing fear, reflecting a lack of a coherent attachment strategy, often associated with frightening, frightened, or severely inconsistent caregiving environments

Disorganized

According to Erikson's Theory, it is a red flag if children are not babbling by what age?

12 months

According to Erikson's Theory, it is a red flag if children have not said a single word by what age?

16 months

According to Erikson's Theory, it is a red flag if children have not said 2-word phrases by what age?

24 months

According to Erikson's Theory, it is a red flag if children have not engaged in pretend play by what age?

24 months

According to Erikson's Theory, it is a red flag if children lose previously acquired skills?

any age

According to Erikson's Theory, it is a red flag if children have no interest in other children by what age?

36 months

Piaget's Cognitive Theory: During this stage, infants retain mental images of objects, begin developing primitive logic through manipulating objects, and start performing intentional actions. Their play becomes imitative, and they begin attaching meaning to events, such as understanding that a babysitter arriving means their mother is leaving. Toward the end of the stage, symbolic meaning and early language begin to develop.

Sensorimotor

What is stage 1 (out of 4) of Piaget's Cognitive Developmental Theory?

Sensorimotor

What is the age (year) for Piaget's Sensorimotor?

birth - 2 years (infancy)

Piaget's Theory: During this stage, children progress from concrete toward more abstract thinking and begin understanding concepts of the past, present, and future. They acquire words and symbols but still think in concrete, egocentric, and irreversible ways, often focusing on one detail at a time and struggling to see another person's perspective. Magical thinking, night terrors, and imaginary friends are also common and are considered normal parts of development rather than signs of a disorder.

Preoperational

What is stage 2 (out of 4) of Piaget's Cognitive Developmental Theory?

Preoperational

What is the age (year) for Piaget's Preoperational?

2 - 7 years (preschool)

Piaget's Theory: During this stage, children begin developing abstract thought and can understand cause-and-effect relationships as well as logical implications. Their thinking becomes more independent of direct experience, reversible, and guided by established rules of logic. They also enjoy playing games with rules, reflecting their growing cognitive organization and reasoning skills.

Concrete Operational

What is stage 3 (out of 4) of Piaget's Cognitive Developmental Theory?

Concrete Operational

What is the age (year) for Piaget's Concrete Operational?

7 - 11 years (elementary school)

Piaget's Theory: During this stage, individuals develop a higher level of abstract thinking and begin planning for the future. They are able to think hypothetically, consider possibilities, and take on increasing adult roles and responsibilities.

Formal Operational

What is stage 4 (out of 4) of Piaget's Cognitive Developmental Theory?

Formal Operational

What is the age (year) for Piaget's Formal Operational?

12+ years (middle school & beyond)

Freud's Level of Awareness: Includes all the thoughts, feelings, and perceptions you are actively aware of at any given moment, such as what you are currently thinking or sensing

Conscious

Freud's Level of Awareness: Contains information, like memories or knowledge, that is not in your current awareness but can easily be brought to mind when needed (follows stereotypical norms of morality)

Preconscious

Freud's Level of Awareness: Holds thoughts, memories, desires, and feelings that are inaccessible to your conscious mind, often influencing behavior in ways you are not aware of (most adults do not reach this level)

Unconscious

What is Level 1 (out of 3) for Kohlberg's Moral Development Theory?

Preconventional

What is Level 2 (out of 3) for Kohlberg's Moral Development Theory?

Conventional

What is Level 3 (out of 3) for Kohlberg's Moral Development Theory?

Postconventional

What is the age (year) for Kohlberg's Preconventional level?

Elementary School (Before 9)

What is the age (year) for Kohlberg's Conventional level?

Early Adolescence

What is the age (year) for Kohlberg's Postconventional level?

Teens / Adults

Kohlberg's Moral Development: At this stage, morality is primarily based on avoiding punishment and obeying authority figures. Decisions are guided by self-interest and the expectation of reciprocal benefits, with individuals often asking, "What's in it for me?"

Preconventional

Kohlberg's Moral Development: At this stage, morality is shaped by the desire to meet societal expectations, gain approval, and be seen as "nice." Moral reasoning expands to include following rules, maintaining social order, and respecting authority.

Conventional

Kohlberg's Moral Development: At this stage, laws are viewed as flexible guidelines that should serve human welfare and are followed when they align with social values. Moral decisions are guided by deeply internalized, abstract principles such as justice and human rights, even when they conflict with existing laws.

Postconventional

Freud's Components of the Psyche: The primitive part of personality that is presented at birth and operates on the pleasure principle, seeking immediate gratification of basic instincts such as hunger, aggression, and sexual impulses without consideration for rules, reality, or consequences

ID

Freud's Components of the Psyche: The rational part of personality that develops to mediate between instinctual drives and reality, operating on the reality principle by making realistic and socially appropriate decisions to satisfy needs while balancing internal demands and external expectations

Ego

Freud's Components of the Psyche: The moral component of personality that develops through socialization and internalization of societal rules and values, acting as a conscience that produces feelings of guilt when behavior is unacceptable and pride when behavior aligns with moral standards

Superego

Structural Family Therapy: These are very inflexible boundaries that do not leave room for collaboration when it comes to making decisions together (it's either you adhere to my way or no way). One partner has no option but to follow the other's rules and regulations and will always feel bad that their decisions don't matter. This usually results in conflicts and constant arguments as one partner feels they are being ignored. Rigid boundaries are where one partner predominantly keeps a distance from the other, whether physically or emotionally

Rigid/Disengaged

Structural Family Therapy: These are also commonly known as unclear or enmeshed boundaries. People with these boundaries lack clear definable boundaries in their relationships. In some cases, these boundaries happen when someone struggles to define who they are. This is where codependency happens, when one cannot make his/her own decisions for their well-being.

Diffuse/Enmeshed

Structural Family Therapy: A well-functioning relationship has boundaries that are clearly defined. Knowing what you need and what you want to avoid, and communicating it to your partner is the right way to set boundaries in a relationship. When a partner has a problem with a particular behavior, they should let the other person know. When you inform the other person about your boundaries, you expect them to respect them and vice versa. This will help avoid violations that may lead to arguments or even break-ups. Individuals with these boundaries value their opinion the most and will not accept when a person does not agree to their rules.

Clear/Balanced

What is stage 1 (out of 8) for the family life cycle?

Family of Origin Experiences

Family Life Cycle: During this stage, individuals focus on maintaining relationships with parents, siblings, and peers. They also work on completing their education and developing the foundations for future family life.

Family of Origin Experiences

What is stage 2 (out of 8) for the family life cycle?

Leaving Home

Family Life Cycle: At this stage, individuals begin differentiating themselves from their family of origin and forming adult-to-adult relationships with their parents. They also develop intimate peer relationships while starting work, building a work identity, and gaining financial independence.

Leaving Home

What is stage 3 (out of 8) for the family life cycle?

Premarriage Stage

Family Life Cycle: At this stage, individuals focus on selecting partners and developing committed relationships. They also make decisions about establishing their own home with a chosen partner.

Premarriage Stage

What is stage 4 (out of 8) for the family life cycle?

Childless Couple Stage

Family Life Cycle: At this stage, individuals focus on developing a shared life both practically and emotionally with a partner. They also adjust relationships with their families of origin and peers to make space for and include their partner.

Childless Couple Stage

What is stage 5 (out of 8) for the family life cycle?

Families with Young Children

Family Life Cycle: At this stage, the family system is reorganized to make space for children, and individuals adopt and develop parenting roles. Relationships with families of origin are also adjusted to include grandparenting roles, while parents support their children in developing peer relationships.

Families with Young Children

What is stage 6 (out of 8) for the family life cycle?

Family with Adolescents

Family Life Cycle: During this stage, parent-child relationships are adjusted to allow adolescents more independence and autonomy. Family relationships also shift to focus on midlife concerns such as career development. Individuals may additionally take on increased responsibility for caring for their own parents and families of origin.

Family with Adolescents

What is stage 7 (out of 8) for the family life cycle?

Launching Children

Family Life Cycle: At this stage, individuals work through midlife issues while maintaining adult-to-adult relationships with their children. They also adjust to living as a couple again, often redefining the household dynamic after children leave home. Family roles expand to include in-laws and grandchildren, while individuals may also cope with illness, disability, and death within their family of origin.

Launching Children

What is stage 8 (out of 8) for the family life cycle?

Later Family Life

Family Life Cycle: During this stage, individuals cope with physiological decline in themselves and others while adjusting to children taking a more central role in family support. There is a growing appreciation for the wisdom and experience of older adults, alongside coping with the loss of a spouse and peers. Individuals also focus on preparing for death through life review and reminiscence.

Later Family Life

Learning Theory: Learning is viewed through behavior change, with stimuli in the external environment as the focus. Social workers aim to change the external environment to bring about desired change

Behaviorist

Who created the Behaviorist Learning theory?

Pavlov, Skinner

Learning Theory: Learning is viewed through internal mental processes (including insight, information processing, memory, and perception), and the focus of learning is internal cognitive structures. Social workers aim to develop opportunities to foster capacity and skills to improve learning

Cognitive

Who created the Cognitive Learning theory?

Piaget

Learning Theory: Learning is viewed as a person's activities aimed at reaching the person's full potential, and the focus of learning is on meeting cognitive and other needs. Social workers aim to develop the whole person.

Humanistic

Who created the Humanistic Learning theory?

Maslow

Learning Theory: Learning occurs through people's interactions with their environments and through their observations in social contexts. Social workers establish opportunities for conversation and participation to occur

Social / Situational

Who created the Social / Situational Learning theory?

Bandura

What is stage 1 (out of 5) for Freud's Psychosexual Development?

Oral

Freud's Psychosexual Development: Pleasure centers on the mouth (sucking, biting, chewing), and fixation can lead to behaviors such as smoking, overeating, nail-biting, and excessive dependence on others

Oral

What is the age (year) for Freud's oral stage?

birth - 1 year

Freud's Psychosexual Development: Pleasure focuses on bowel and bladder control, and fixation can result in either an anal-retentive personality (overly controlling, perfectionist, obsessive) or an anal-explosive personality (messy, disorganized, impulsive, easily angered)

Anal

What is stage 2 (out of 5) for Freud's Psychosexual Development?

Anal

What is the age (year) for Freud's anal stage?

Age 2, toilet-trained

What is stage 3 (out of 5) for Freud's Psychosexual Development?

Phallic

Freud's Psychosexual Development: Pleasure centers on the genitals, and children experience unconscious sexual feelings towards the opposite-sex parents (Oedipus/Electra conflict), with fixation potentially leading to guilt, anxiety, and relationship difficulties later in life

Phallic

What is the age (year) for Freud's phallic stage?

3 - 5 years

What is stage 4 (out of 5) for Freud's Psychosexual Development?

Latent

Freud's Psychosexual Development: Where sexual impulses are repressed or dormant, and emergency is focused on school, fieldships, and skill development, with no major fixation, typically occurs in this stage

Latent

What is the age (year) for Freud's latent stage?

Age 5 to puberty