aice pysch

Dement and Kleitman (1957) - Aim

To investigate the relationship between REM sleep and dreaming.

Dement and Kleitman (1957) - Method

Lab experiment with EEG recordings of sleep stages, participants woken during REM and non-REM.

Dement and Kleitman (1957) - Results

Participants were more likely to report dreams during REM sleep; eye movement patterns corresponded to dream content.

Dement and Kleitman (1957) - Conclusion

REM sleep is strongly associated with dreaming.

Dement and Kleitman (1957) - Strengths/Weaknesses

Objective measurements (EEG), but low ecological validity due to artificial sleep setting.

Hassett et al. (2008) - Aim

To examine sex-typed toy preferences in monkeys.

Hassett et al. (2008) - Method

Rhesus monkeys were presented with human 'boy' and 'girl' toys; behavior recorded and analyzed.

Hassett et al. (2008) - Results

Male monkeys preferred 'boy' toys; female monkeys played with both types.

Hassett et al. (2008) - Conclusion

Suggests biological influences on toy preferences.

Hassett et al. (2008) - Criticism

Possible anthropomorphism; may not fully reflect human behavior.

Dement & Kleitman (1957) - Generalizability

Small sample (9 adults), not generalizable.

Dement & Kleitman (1957) - Reliability

Lab setting, standardized EEG → high reliability.

Dement & Kleitman (1957) - Application

Supports sleep studies and dream research.

Dement & Kleitman (1957) - Validity

High internal validity, but low ecological validity.

Dement & Kleitman (1957) - Ethics

Minimal harm, informed consent given.

Hassett et al. (2008) - Generalizability

Monkeys, so questionable generalizability to humans.

Hassett et al. (2008) - Reliability

Controlled environment and consistent methods.

Hassett et al. (2008) - Application

Insight into biological influences on gendered behavior.

Hassett et al. (2008) - Validity

Lab setting increases control but reduces realism.

Hassett et al. (2008) - Ethics

Ethical due to non-invasive observation of animals.

Hölzel et al. (2011) - Generalizability

Volunteers, so risk of biased sample.

Hölzel et al. (2011) - Reliability

MRI use is reliable and replicable.

Hölzel et al. (2011) - Application

Mindfulness can be used for stress reduction/therapy.

Hölzel et al. (2011) - Validity

High control and objective measurement.

Hölzel et al. (2011) - Ethics

Non-invasive, informed consent.

Andrade (2010) - Generalizability

Small volunteer sample, may not generalize.

Andrade (2010) - Reliability

Controlled tasks = replicable.

Andrade (2010) - Application

Helpful in improving memory/attention strategies.

Andrade (2010) - Validity

High internal validity, low ecological validity.

Andrade (2010) - Ethics

Deception used but low risk; debriefed afterward.

Baron-Cohen et al. (1997) - Generalizability

Good mix of ASD, Tourette’s, and control groups.

Baron-Cohen et al. (1997) - Reliability

Eye Task is standardized → high reliability.

Baron-Cohen et al. (1997) - Application

Useful for autism diagnosis and intervention.

Baron-Cohen et al. (1997) - Validity

Artificial task, could reduce realism.

Baron-Cohen et al. (1997) - Ethics

Ethical, consent and no harm.

Pozzulo et al. (2018) - Generalizability

Canadian children/teens, may limit generalization.

Pozzulo et al. (2018) - Reliability

Experimental procedure = reliable.

Pozzulo et al. (2018) - Application

Important for police practices involving child witnesses.

Pozzulo et al. (2018) - Validity

Controlled but lacks real-world complexity.

Pozzulo et al. (2018) - Ethics

Ethical, with parental consent.

Bandura et al. (1961) - Generalizability

Children from Stanford nursery only.

Bandura et al. (1961) - Reliability

Highly controlled and replicable.

Bandura et al. (1961) - Application

Supports theories of observational learning.

Bandura et al. (1961) - Validity

Artificial task, but behavior was measurable.

Bandura et al. (1961) - Ethics

Psychological harm risk, though short-term.

Fagen et al. (2014) - Generalizability

Young infants, not generalizable to older ages.

Fagen et al. (2014) - Reliability

Use of objective EEG and repeated measures.

Fagen et al. (2014) - Application

Supports music in early development.

Fagen et al. (2014) - Validity

Strong internal validity.

Fagen et al. (2014) - Ethics

Non-invasive and ethical.

Saavedra & Silverman (2002) - Generalizability

Single participant = low generalizability.

Saavedra & Silverman (2002) - Reliability

Not replicable due to unique case.

Saavedra & Silverman (2002) - Application

Shows effectiveness of exposure therapy.

Saavedra & Silverman (2002) - Validity

High internal validity, rich qualitative data.

Saavedra & Silverman (2002) - Ethics

Informed consent, therapeutic intention.

Milgram (1963) - Generalizability

All males from New Haven = limited generalization.

Milgram (1963) - Reliability

Lab setting and standardized prompts.

Milgram (1963) - Application

Helped understand obedience in real-world settings.

Milgram (1963) - Validity

Strong internal validity, though low ecological.

Milgram (1963) - Ethics

Deception and stress = ethical concerns.

Perry et al. (2012) - Generalizability

Focused on Milgram’s sample → still narrow.

Perry et al. (2012) - Reliability

Archival analysis is replicable.

Perry et al. (2012) - Application

Adds ethical and validity critique to obedience research.

Perry et al. (2012) - Validity

Challenges original validity due to deception evidence.

Perry et al. (2012) - Ethics

Raises ethical issues in retrospective analysis.

Piliavin et al. (1969) - Generalizability

Field study with diverse subway passengers.

Piliavin et al. (1969) - Reliability

Standardized procedure, high realism.

Piliavin et al. (1969) - Application

Useful for understanding helping behavior.

Piliavin et al. (1969) - Validity

High ecological validity.

Piliavin et al. (1969) - Ethics

Lack of informed consent, but minimal harm.