w9 percept & cogn

Bottleneck awareness (in AB)

• all-or-nothing pattern of awareness in Attentional Blink. What happens to the ”blinked” stimuli?

Global workspace theory of awareness/consciousness

Stimuli either gained access to gw or it didn’t

Either sibliminal, preconscious (blinked) or consciouss

. If conscious, it gains access to whole GW

top-down attention vs bottom-up attention. Need both to get a conscious perception

ERP amplitudes & 2nd target

• early perception/attention (less than 100 ms): no pattern in reporting T2

• Categorization & semantic processing (200-400ms): decreae in reported & decrease in blink? How can both reporting and blinking change??

• Working memory (300-600ms): step pattern from reported to blinked. Either reported or not reported

Attention & driving at older age

• Focus on task switching

• temporal attention (traffic focus) —) spatial attention (road signs etc) In both older and younger

• Youngest age group highest driving speed when passing a road sign. Goes down linearly.

• Youngest age group (18-30) highest, then dip, then increase in 70+ year olds in median braking response times (RTs)

Driving sim Huizeling, Wang, Holland & Kessler (2020)

• Driver in front of you is braking, you have to respond (temporal attention)

• Then, one must look at the sign & move off of the motor way (spatial attention) (bit like visual search task)

• task switching

Older age & response after braking

• 50,60 & 70+ slower response to road sign after braing event

• AKA highest cost for task switching from traffic (attention in time) to large road sign (attention across space)

• stronger theta (3-7Hz) oscillations in 19-30 year olds than 60+ drivers

Parietal lobe processing

• top-down processing

• Deficit in older participants in driving sim

Occipital lobe processing

• bottom-up processing

• deficit in older ppl in driving sim

Working memory

• how to store and manipulate info in the short term.

Memory for info currently held ”in mind”. Limited capacity. Working memory is wider than short-term. Includes executive functions & more

— short-term memory

— long-term memory

Long-term working memory

• memory for info that is stored but need not be consciousl accessible. Essentially unlimited capacity

Baddeley’s traditional model (FIRST MODEL)

1. 2 different slave systems: 1 phonological loop (PL) PHONOLOGICAL LOOP WAS THE ONLY ONE in 1960?? FIRST. 2. Visuo-spatial sketchpad (VSS). They store info in short-term (buffers) and jabe a rehearsal process each

2. Can be dissociated by concurrent tasks = dual task paradigms ( this helps us understand Which functions can exist without the other?)

3. Central Executive (CE) Comes into play when capacities oAAAAA

CE functions

• control of encoding and retrieval

• Dual-task control and switching

• Selective attention

• Long-term memory activation

Phonological loop

• remembering & memorizing language material

• Words, sounds

• easier to memorize short words (in buffer & rehearsal)

• Internal/inner rehearsal of words faster to rehearse than longer words

Articulartory suppression

• Repeating sound of something, a word like ”1” or ”the” while remembering a word

• This disrupts our ability to remmeber things in phonological loop. Worse for both lon and short words

Dissociation within visuo-spatial sketchpad

• Dual task paradigm & interfering task

• Corsi block tapping test for spatial STM: ”repeat the sequence of blocks”

• Test for visual pattern span: ”which cells were filled?”

• dissociation into storing objects (hat) and locations (where)

• If there is spatial interference, disrupts memory. Visual interference,

• Double dissociation.

I AM CONFUSED

Proposed Neural correlates - where Baddeley thought they were

• baddeley 2003

• Phonological - wernicke

• Visual cache (objects) - occipital lobe

• Articulatory rehearsal - left frontal?

• Inner scribe (spatial) - right hemi parietal & some frontal

• central executive - frontal cortex, but also some parietal

Dorsal stream

• where (locations)

• Occi (?) to ??

Ventral stream

• objects (what-stream)

• Occi (?) to inferotemporal cortex

Original model vs new model Baddeley (1986-2000)

• added episodic buffer. This is a storage for the central executive. Multi integration info from slave system (PL and VSS) into a coherent rich representation.

• Episodic buffer also chunks things into little packages based on LTM (long term memory), helps us organize

• Episodic buffer accounts for awareness (equivalent of GW for aware processing.

• Why did he add it? Bc it is a large part of memory that goes unconsidered?

(Look at the two different models on the slides for additional examples of components added)

GW in the brain

• Dahaene et al (1998)

• This broadcasting needs long-distance connections in the brain

• Later ii and Layer iii pyramidal neurons (long-distance connections) are tought to support GW connectivity and are much more prominent in the Frontal than in sensory.

• P300a - in frontal, shows all or nothing pattern. Remember

• BUT look at alternative/complementary part of brain playing a role in this as well (medial temporal lobe)

Brain areas involved in WM

• the prefrontal cortex

• Phineas Gage (major damage in orbiofrontal/ventromedial region of the left anterior region of the frontal lobes. Affected executive functions (decision making, planning, social regulation of behaviour)

Executive function location

Check out table on the slides

• ventro-lateral PFC:

• Dorso-lateral PFC:

• Anterior PFC, frontal pole, rostral PFC:

• Anterior cingulate cortex (dorsal= pre-SMA:

• Orbito-frontal cortex: executive processing of eemotional stimuli (ex: evaluating rewards and risks)

PFC Hot

• Affecitve component of EF

orbitofrontal and ventromedial

PFC Cold

• congitive EF

Lateral PFC, anterior cingulate

Dorsal location

• primary visual cortex To parietal

Ventral vs Dorsal pathways - how far does the division go?

• Psoner & Raichle (1994)

• Based on stroop task

• Hit PFC - ventral = words, dorsal = space

• Does PFC actually store information?

Neural correlates of WM

• Goldman-Rakic (1987;1989)

• Single cell recordings in monkeys PFC

• Cuee items for monkey, delay period, response (show monkey and let interact

• Single neurons on PFC fire during WM delay, apparently coding for specifically locations or objects in this task

• Some cells fire for locations, some fire for obejects (see separation between the two focuses space & objects)

• entral regions : supporting obj WM

• Dorsal regions: supporting spatial WM

Neural Correlates additional

• Rao et al (1997)

• Show stimulus. ”What” image delay, target, a ”where” image delay

• some neurons only fire for ”what” delay and another for ”where” delay

• BUT: authors reported tat the neurons changed their response preferences when the task changed = can easily be ”re-trained”

• Goes against the concept of innate, hard-wired firing preferences

Neural Correlates of WM: process view

• D’esposito et al 2000

• Target - encoding

• Delay - manipulation

• Probe - inhibition, selection

Summary:

• dorsolaeral PFC related to compensation of capacity limitations during encoding manipulation (protect perception from interference, add together stimuli) during elay and scanning of the mmemory during recall

• Ventrolateral PFC related to maintenance and to control of interference during recall

See diagrams for more info I think.

Petrides (Ward book)

• frontal: manipulation, maintain activirt and retrieve info

• Psoterior cortex: Storage site of information

Pre-frontal cortext & posterior connections for WM

• Tomita et al (1999)

• Monkeys looking at cues and targets. They have to choose the correct object

• They cut the cord between the hemispehres with an electrode it seems? Only one side of brain can know the cue. They monkeys can still do the task and exchange info between hemispheres bc connection still in prefrontal cortex (top-down path near PFC) (Anterior CC)

• Slight delay between hemispheres bc only 1 hemisphere has the info, takes longer to send info through PFC to send info

• PFC activates inferior temporal cortex via top-down connections

BASICALLY: PFC doesn’t store info, but it knows where to retrieve stored info for top-down processing. Posterior has the memory/info which PFC retrieves

They completely severed the bridge between the two hemispheres. Top-down response completely gone. Proves PFC track was really helping

EXAM PREP

CHECK EXAM PREP SLIDE FOR INFO YOU WILL NEED

Hippocampus

• ”shape of a sea horse”

• In midbrain Me thinks

• Associated with long-term memory (episodic memory and autobioraphic memory)

Neural correlates of WM PFC vs MTL

• medial temporal lobe

• I am SO LOST PLEASE SUPPLEMENT