A&P I Final Exam

Which organelle below does not help

to detoxify the cell?

A. Golgi Apparatus

B. Lysosome

C. Perioxisome

D. Smooth ER

A

mitochondria meaning/function

produces energy for the cell

golgi apparatus meaning/function

packaging and finishing

smooth ER meaning/function

endoplasmic reticulum

produce, process, and transport proteins and lipids

ribosome meaning/function

protein synthesis

nucleus meaning/function

contains the cell’s DNA and regulates gene expression

plasma membrane meaning/function

controls what enters and leaves the cell (selectively permeable boundary)

cytoplasm

jelly-like fluid that fills the cell and surrounds the organelles

lysosomes

contain enzymes that break down waste and old cell parts

peroxisomes

contains peroxidases, digests with H2O2

Eating a cheeseburger b/c you are hungry is

an example of:

A. Positive feedback

B. Negative feedback

C. Feedforward

B

Drinking Gatorade before a long run is an

example of:

A. Positive feedback

B. Negative feedback

C. Feedforward

C

A cell has 400mM of sucrose in it. It is placed in a

solution of 800mM. What will happen and why?

A. Water will enter the cell because the cell is

hypotonic compared to the solution

B. Water will enter the cell because the cell is

hypertonic compared to the solution

C. Water will leave the cell because the cell is

hypotonic compared to the solution

D. Water will leave the cell because the cell is

hypertonic compared to the solution

D

The use of ATP to move compounds or ions is

called:

A. Diffusion

B. Facilitated diffusion

C. Active transport

D. Osmosis

C

Which list is correct for macromolecules?

A. Amino acids, Lipids, Nucleotides, Proteins

B. Amino acids, Triglycerides, Nucleotides, Carbohydrates

C. Proteins, Lipids, Nucleic acids, Carbohydrates

C

define diffusion

define osmosis

define facilitated diffusion

define active transport

What type of epithelial tissue is found in the

bladder?

A. Simple Cuboidal

B. Stratified Cuboidal

C. Transitional

D. Pseudostratified

C

Which of the following is NOT a place for

simple cuboidal epithelium?

A. Kidney

B. Pancreas

C. Salivary gland

D. Lungs

D

What type of connective tissue is a ligament?

A. Loose connective tissue proper

B. Dense connective tissue proper

C. Fluid

D. Supporting

B

What type of connective tissue is adipose?

A. Loose connective tissue proper

B. Dense connective tissue proper

C. Fluid

D. Supporting

A

What two types of tissue are membranes

made of?

A. Epithelial and Muscle

B. Connective and Nervous

C. Connective and Epithelial

D. Supporting and Dense Connective

C

membrane types:

serous, cutaneous, mucous, and synovial

membrane functions

minimize friction and protect

skin functions

1. Maintenance of normal body temperature

2. Excretion of sweat

3. Protection of underlying tissues

4. Synthesis of vitamin D (precursors)

5. Sensory reception

6. Storage of adipose

What is the outermost layer of skin called?

A. Stratum germinativum

B. Stratum lucidum

C. Stratum spinosum

D. Stratum corneum

D

3 major layers of the integument

• Epidermis

• Dermis

• Hypodermis

layers of the epidermis:

1. Stratum corneum

2. Stratum lucidum

3. Stratum granulosum

4. Stratum spinosum

5. Stratum germinativum

(basale)

moles defintion

Lines of cleavage definition

Melanin and skin color definition

Hair definition

Sweat gland definition

Nails definition

Steps of injury repair

Put these in order:

A. Epidermis repaired,

scar tissue continues to

be formed

B. Scab forms, clotting for

isolation, phagocytic

cells remove ‘gunk’

C. Epidermal cells migrate

towards surface

D. Bleeding, mast cells

signal inflammation

1. Bleeding, mast cells

signal inflammation

2. Scab forms, clotting for

isolation, phagocytic

cells remove ‘gunk’

3. Epidermal cells migrate

towards surface

4. Epidermis repaired,

scar tissue continues to

be formed

skeletal system functions

1. Support body weight

2. Create leverage

3. Protection of underlying tissues

4. Blood Cell Production

5. Storage of Minerals & Lipids

Spongy vs. compact vocab

Osteoblast vocab

Osteoclast vocab

Osteocyte vocab

bone growth

put these in order:

A. Capillaries & osteoblasts migrate to

epiphyses, creating 2° centers of

ossification

B. Blood vessels penetrate cartilage; bone

formed at 1° center of ossification and

spreads along shaft

C. Remodeling as growth occurs, creating a

marrow cavity

D. Enlarged chondrocytes become calcified,

die and disintegrate

E. Blood vessels grow at cartilage edge;

perichondrium becomes osteoblasts

F. Epiphyses filled with spongy bone;

remaining cartilage thins to superficial

layer over time

1. Enlarged chondrocytes become

calcified, die and disintegrate

2. Blood vessels grow at cartilage

edge; perichondrium becomes

osteoblasts

3. Blood vessels penetrate

cartilage; bone formed at 1°

center of ossification and

spreads along shaft

4. Remodeling as growth occurs,

creating a marrow cavity

5. Capillaries & osteoblasts

migrate to epiphyses, creating

2° centers of ossification

6. Epiphyses filled with spongy

bone; remaining cartilage thins

to superficial layer over time

fracture repair steps:

1. Fracture, bleeding, clotting

2. Internal & External calluses

stabilize inner & outer surfaces

3. External callus replaced by

bone; dead fragments removed

4. Swelling initially, then

remodeling w/ little evidence of

fracture over time

What is the category of joints that is slightly

mobile?

A. Synarthroses

B. Amphiarthroses

C. Diarthroses

B

What is a synchondrosis?

A. A joint between the epiphysis and

diaphysis

B. A joint between two bones

connected by a ligament

B

articulations - synarthroses categories

• Sutures

• Synchondroses

articulations - amphiarthroses categories

• Symphyses

• Syndesmoses

articulations - diarthroses categories

• Gliding

• Saddle

• Elipsoidal

• Ball-n-socket

• Pivot

• Hinge

types of movement

• Flexion, extension

• Adduction, abduction

• Circumduction

• Rotation

• Pronation, supination

• Opposition

• Elevation & depression

• Dorsiflexion & plantar flexion

• Lateral flexion

• Inversion & eversion

• Protraction and retraction

positive feedback is…

the response that gets “bigger and bigger” & destabilizing

negative feedback is…

when it restores back to “normal” & stabilize

forward feedback is…

preventative, before a change happens

lipids are…

aka fat, but in many forms.

is essential in the body

carbs are…

protection and recognition (signaling).

proteins are…

made of amino acids and enzymes are one type

what are the four abundant elements?

Carbon

Hydrogen

Oxygen

Nitrogen

put the levels of protein structure in order of primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary:

a. Alpha helix and beta sheet and hydrogen bonds

b. Unique 3-D shape and hydrogen bonds

c. Polypeptide chains combined as well as hydrogen

and covalent bonds

d. Amnio acids bind with peptide bonds

primary: d. Amino acids bind with peptide bonds

secondary: a. Alpha helix and beta sheet and hydrogen bonds

tertiary: b. Unique 3-D shape and hydrogen bonds

quaternary: c. Polypeptide chains combined as well as hydrogen

and covalent bonds

What happens when a protein is denatured?

loss of function

True or false: facilitated diffusion needs ATP

false, its active transport instead

Active or passive transport: movement regardless of intracellular or extracellular concentrations & requires energy

Active

What are the four types of tissues?

connective

muscular

epithelial

nervous

location of simple squamous

Alveoli, body cavity membranes, capillaries

location of simple cuboidal

Kidney tubules, glands (salivary and pancreas)

location of simple columnar

digestive tract, uterine tube, and uterus

location of pseudostratified columnar

nasal cavity, trachea, bronchus

location of stratified squamous

skin, mouth, esophagus, an@s

location of stratified cuboidal

ovarian follicles and seminiferous tubules

location of stratified columnar

male urethra & ductus deferens, pharynx

location of transitional

urinary bladder, ureter, superior urethra

11) What is the matrix of connective tissue?

a. Enzymes and hormones

b. Blood cells and platelets

c. Ground substance and extracellular fibers

d. Intracellular fluid

c

fibroblasts vocab

Always present; secrete proteins for matrix

macrophages vocab

Big eaters; body’s defense

adipocytes vocab

Lipid droplets for energy

mesenchymal cells vocab

Stem cells for growth / after injury

mast cells vocab

Contain histamine that increases inflammation

put the steps of skin repair in order:

1. a. epidermal cells migrate towards

surface

2. b. scab forms, clotting for isolation, and

phagocytic cells remove excess germs

3. c. epidermis repaired and scar tissue

continues to be formed

4. d. bleeding, mast cells signal

inflammation

1. d

2. b

3. a

4. c

Which of the glands below correlates with decapitation secretion?

a. Apocrine

b. Merocrine

c. Holocrine

d. All the above

a

Match the mechanoreceptors with their definitions:

__Merkel a. “on/off” when stimulus is applied or removed, upper dermis, controls hand grip

__Meissner b. Fires continuously, deep in dermis and hypodermis, stretches the skin

__Pacinian c. on/off” when stimulus is applied or removed, deep in dermis, vibrations, fine detail (braille)

__Ruffini d. Fires continuously, between the epidermis and the dermis, fine detail (face on coin)

Merkel: d

Meissner: a

Pacinian: c

Ruffini: b

Which gland ruptures the plasma membrane and secretes from the cytosol: merocrine, apocrine, or holocrine?

holocrine

Match the bone shape below with the correct example below

Long _____ a. vertebra

Short _____ b. ribs

Flat _____ c. femur

Irregular _____ d. patella

Sesamoid _____ e. carpals

long: c

short: e

flat: b

irregular: a

sesamoid: d

what does the skull protect

brain, digestive, and respiratory system

Which type of arthritis is most common and has the cartilage being worn down?

osteoarthritis

Put the steps of bone growth in the correct order

Step 1 ____ a. epiphyses filled with spongy bone, remaing cartilage thins

Step 2 _____ b. blood vessels penetrate cartilage; bone formed at 1° center of ossification and spreads along shaft

Step 3 _____ c. capillaries and osteoblasts migrate to epiphyses, creates 2° center of ossification

Step 4 _____ d. blood vessels grow at cartilage edge, perichondrium becomes osteoblasts

Step 5 _____ e. enlarged chondrocytes become calcified, die and disintegrate

Step 6 _____ f. remodeling as growth occurs, creates marrow cavity

1. e

2. d

3. b

4. f

5. c

6. a

Put the steps of fracture repair in order

Step 1 _____ a. swelling initially, then remodeling with little evidence of fracture over time

Step 2 ______ b. fracture, bleeding, clotting

Step 3 _____ c. internal and external calluses stabilize inner and outer surfaces

Step 4 _____ d. external callus replaced by bone, dead fragments removed

1. b

2. c

3. d

4. a

Put the steps of skeletal muscle contraction in order

Step 1 ____ a. ATP Hydrolysis (ATP ->ADP + P)

Step 2 _____ b. Myosin reactivated

Step 3 _____ c. Calcium enters cell

Step 4 _____ d. Power stroke

Step 5 _____ e. Troponin binds calcium

Step 6 _____ f. Active site on actin exposed

Step 7 _____ g. Cross-bridges detach when ATP binds to myosin

Step 8 _____ h. ADP released

Step 9 _____ i. Troponin-tropomyosin “roll” out of the way

Step 10 _____ j. Formation of cross-bridge between actin and myosin

1. c

2. e

3. i

4. f

5. a

6. j

7. d

8. h

9. g

10. b

Put the steps of a response loop in order using these terms: afferent pathway,

effector, efferent pathway, integration center, receptor, response, stimulus

a. stimulus

b. receptor

c. afferent pathway

d, integration center

e. efferent pathway

f. effector

g. response

 Sympathetic or parasympathetic: pupils become dilated, heartbeat is increased, airways are relaxed, and digestion is decreased

sympathetic

True or false: The cerebellum maintains balance and the body’s equilibrium

True

the prefrontal cortex does what?

integration center

the speech center is also called what?

Broca’s area

Match the general senses with their correct receptors

Chemoreceptor _____ a. Temperature

Mechanoreceptors _____ b. Touch and pressure

Nociceptors _____ c. Pain

Proprioceptors _____ d. Chemicals (compounds)

Thermoreceptors _____ e. position

d

b

c

e

a

Which of the following conditions will permit the cell to fire? The resting membrane potential is -70mV and the threshold is -50mV

Excitatory potential = 60mV; inhibitory potential = -45mV

Excitatory potential = 25mV; inhibitory potential = -5mV

Excitatory potential = 55mV; inhibitory potential of -55mV

Excitatory potential = 25mV; inhibitory potential = -5mV

You are working at an archeology dig. You spend a long time bending over and clearing small areas with your brush. Which of the following pairings is TRUE?

a. Your sartorius is doing isometric contraction while your adductor pollicis is doing isotonic

b. Your abductor digiti minimi brevis and your biceps femoris are doing isotonic contraction

c. Your biceps femoris is doing isotonic contraction while your adductor pollicis is doing isometric

d. Your external obliques and rectus abdominus muscles are doing isotonic contraction

Your sartorius is doing isometric contraction while your adductor pollicis is doing isotonic

This portion of the limbic system is responsible for turning short-term memories into long-term memories:

Hypothalamus

Olfactory bulb

Amygdala

Hippocampus

Hippocampus

Put the steps of hearing in order:

1 Organ of Corti hair cells apply pressure to the tectoral membrane

2 Vibrations coducted to the inner ear by the ossicles

3 Basilar membrane is distorted

4 Sound hits the tympanic membrane

5 Oval window compression applies pressure to the perilymph in the cochlear duct

1 Sound hits the tympanic membrane

2 Vibrations coducted to the inner ear by the ossicles

3 Oval window compression applies pressure to the perilymph in the cochlear duct

4 Basilar membrane is distorted

5 Organ of Corti hair cells apply pressure to the tectoral membrane

Odorant binding proteins

Smell occurs when these detect chemicals in the air we breath

rods

Photoreceptors that see black and white

Lens

Undergoes accomodation to focus an image