extra help FM

Cognitive Stage (Fitts & Posner)

Initial stage: Learner understands the goal, develops strategies, and identifies critical features. Requires high conscious attention; distributed practice is best

Associative Stage (Fitts & Posner)

Intermediate stage: Movement is refined and coordinated; additional degrees of freedom are released. Requires less conscious attention; improvement is slow.

Autonomous Stage (Fitts & Posner)

Final stage: Skill is automatic, efficient, and adaptable with minimal conscious attention. Learner understands task dynamics

Novice Stage (Bernstein)

Goal: Simplify movement by "freezing" or stiffening joints to reduce degrees of freedom

Advanced Stage (Bernstein)

Goal: Release additional degrees of freedom for fluid movement. Learner begins to understand "task dynamics" and requirements

Expert Stage (Bernstein)

Goal: All degrees of freedom are released/coordinated. Learner exploits mechanical and environmental forces for optimal efficiency.

Initial Stage (Gentile)

Goal: "Getting the idea of the movement." Understand task dynamics, goal, and critical features; differentiate relevant vs. irrelevant cues.

Later Stage: Fixation

Goal for Closed Environments: Decrease variability to perform movement consistently and efficiently in predictable conditions

Later Stage: Diversification

Goal for Open Environments: Increase adaptability to meet changing, unpredictable environmental demands

Reflex Theory

Movement is composed of "building blocks" (reflexes) triggered by sensory stimuli; complex movement is a chain of reflexes.

Hierarchical Theory

Top-down control: Higher CNS levels inhibit lower reflex centers. Decisions override primitive reflexes.

Motor Programming Theories

Abstract programs (rules) for classes of movement are stored in the brain; can be adjusted for different limbs or parameters.

Dynamic Systems Theory

Body is a mechanical system where coordination emerges (self-organizes) without central commands. Variability is necessary.

Ecological Theory

Motor control evolved to cope with the environment; emphasizes how perception directly guides action

Bandwidth feedback

Only given if error exceeds a limit.

Summary Feedback

Given after a block of trials to summarize performance

Massed

Long sessions, little rest (can cause fatigue).

Distributed

Shorter sessions, more rest (best for continuous tasks/novices).

Constant

Same task, same conditions (Fixation)

Variable

Same task, changing conditions/demands (Diversification).

Continuous feedback

After every trial (helps novices but creates reliance).

Faded feedback

High frequency initially, then reduced to promote internal detection

blocked

Repeatedly practicing one task before moving to the next.

Random

Mixing multiple tasks in a randomized order

whole

Practicing the entire task

part

Breaking complex tasks (e.g., sit-to-stand) into components before integration

reach to grasp phase 1

Preparatory (visual ID)

reach to grasp phase 2

Transport (lift and trajectory)

reach to grasp phase 3

Grasp (touch to full closure)

sit to stand phase 1

Flexion Momentum

sit to stand phase 2

Momentum Transfer

sit to stand phase 3

Extension

sit to stand phase 4

Stabilization

Anticipatory Postural Adjustment (APA)

Internally generated; muscle activation occurs before the prime mover to prepare for an expected perturbation

Reactive Postural Adjustment (RPA)

Externally generated; muscle activity in response to an unexpected perturbation/threat to balance detected by sensory systems

Which principle of neuroplasticity suggests that the training experience must be sufficiently meaningful to the patient to induce neural changes

salience matters

What is the 'Limit of Stability' in sitting or standing postural control

the total area of the base of support

In the phases of Sit-to-Stand, when does the 'Momentum Transfer' phase end

at maximum ankle dorsiflexion

When assessing a patient's 'Initial Conditions' in the Movement Analysis Framework, which of the following is considered

symmetry and alignment before movement starts

What is a characteristic of a Reactive Postural Adjustment (RPA) at the hip

it is triggered primarily by the somatosensory system

During the Sit-to-Stand 'Extension' phase, what is the sequence of lower limb extension

hip, ankle, knee

What is the primary role of the Vestibular system in standing postural control

detecting head motion and the pull of gravity on the body

In the Movement Analysis Framework, 'Termination' is successful when

the center of mass is stabilized over the base of support and movement stops

Which component of the ICF Framework would 'the workplace demands' fall under

environmental factors