Bio 2 T4 The analog way

Organismal Ecology

Study an individual organism

Population Ecology

Study population or a group of individuals- factors effecting growth/ decline factors

Community

Populations of different species, their interactions

Biogeography

Distribution of living things and the abiotic (non-living) factors that affect their distribution

What abiotic factors affect biogeography?

Tropical rainforest

Is the most biodiverse biome

Desert

Cacti & Scrub grow here

Savana

Grasslands with scattered trees grow here

Chaparral

Dry sparse plant life and small trees go here

Temperate Grasslands

Grasslands (most have been turned into agricultural places)

Northern Coniferous Forest

Tundra

Tree roots can’t go very deep very short very small

Temperate broadleaf forest

Hardwood trees- Oak, Maple, Hickory

Marine Biomes Salt Concentration

3%

Fresh water Solute/Salt concentration

Less than 0.1%

Littoral Zone

Where you splash around

Pelagic Zone

Open ocean column

Oligotrophic Lake

Nutrient poor, oxygen rich

Eutrophic Lake

Nutrient rich, Oxygen poor

Riverine Wetlands

Along rivers and streams

Fringe Wetlands

Along coast of lakes and oceans

Estuaries

Where river and sea meet

Ocean Pelagic Zone

Coral Reef

Population

Groups of individuals of the same species that inhabit a shared environment

Demography

statistical study of population dynamics (fluctuations)- Population size (# of individuals), production (births), Fitness

Population Size

# of individuals

Population Density

# of individuals in a specific area- relation between size and density

Damuth’s Law

inverse relationship between body size and population density

Count Method

Not logistically or economically feasible

Quadrant Method

Look at a sample population in a defined area and estimate

Mark & Capture

Catch, mark, release, recapture; ratio of marked to unmarked can be used to determine population size

Uniform distribution

Common in plants that secret toxins, animals with territory requirements

Random Distribution

Common in plants with wind blown seeds

Clumped Distribution

Common in plants where seed fall to ground, animals that form herds/groups

Survivorship

# numbers of individuals in a cohort alive at each age or stage of life

Type 1 Survivorship

Type 2 Survivorship

Type 3 Survivorship

Exponential Growth

Logistic Growth

Organisms will compete with members of their own species and members of other species until a carrying capacity is reached

Carrying Capacity

The maximum population size in a particular environment

Why is the human population growing exponentially?

We can change the environment and thus the carrying capacity

Ecological footprint

Surface area needed to support and individual

Community

All populations occupying the same habitat (specific area) at the same time

Competitive Exclusion Principle

Two species cannot occupy the same niche (competing for the same resources)

Ecological Niche

A specific set of abiotic and biotic resources an organism uses in its environment

Resource Partitioning

Similar species can occupy the same niche if natural selection results in one species using a different or similar resources

Realized niche

The space a species occupies

Fundamental niche

The potential space a species can occupy

Predation

Mechanical Prey Defense

ex: porcupine & turtle

Chemical Prey Defense

Ex: Skunk

Aposematic Coloration Prey Defense

Cryptic Coloration Prey Defense

Batesian Mimicry Prey Defense

Mullerian Mimicry Prey Defense

A palatable species mimics unpalatable species

Chemical Toxin Plant Defense

Strychnine, Nicotine, Tannins, Alkaloids, Oils

‘Mechanical’ Plant Defense

Thorns & Spines

Bad Taste Plant Defense

ex: Cloves, Cinnamon, Peppermint

Parasitism

Interaction in which one organism, the parasite, derives nourishment from another, the host

Ectoparasites

Ticks, mites, fleas

Endoparasites

Ascaris Lumbricoides in small intestine

Mutualism +/+

Commensalism +/0

Interaction where one species benefits and the other isn’t benefits or is harmed

Foundation species

Keystone species

Invasive Species

Fresh waters covers…

1.8% of the earth’s surface

Resistance

The level of stability of an ecosystem to remain in equilibrium in spite of disturbances

Resilience

The speed at which an ecosystem recovers after being disturbed

Natural Disturbances

Climate (rainfall, temperature, droughts, floods), Lightning generated forest fires

Anthropogenic Disturbance

 Agriculture, air pollution, acid rain, deforestation, overfishing, oil spills, waste dumping, etc.

Photoautotrophs

Herbivores

Carnivores that eat herbivores

Carnivores that eat other carnivores

Apex Predator

Top of the Food Chain

Decomposers

Eat dead organic tissue and return it to the ground as a form of fertilizer

How many species are on Earth?

10-15,000,000

Genetic Diversity

The genetic diversity of individuals within a population and the genetic diversity between populations. Associated with adaptations to local conditions. If a population disappears a species has lost genetic diversity

Species Diversity

The # of species in an ecosystem or in the biosphere

Endangered Species

A species in danger of extinction in all or much of its range

Ecosystem Diversity

 the # and variety of ecosystems where living species interact with their environment and with each other

What do ecosystem services do for human life?

Purifying air & water and decomposing waste

Habitat Loss

Ex: loss of prairie dog habitat to agriculture

Overharvesting

Whales have been hunted very low and you can see their number come back up after whaling was outlawed

Exotic/Invasive Species

Exotic species may either outcompete, feed on, or bring disease to endemic species

Climate Change

Ex: grizzly bears moving more north possibly because of climate change and it’s making them overlap with polar bear habitat and they have mated and made the first wild hybrid ever found a grolar bear

Non-vascular plants

Plants without a vascular system (No xylem or phloem)

Vascular plants

lignified tissues (xylem)(ridged & woody) for conducting water and minerals throughout the plant & specialized non-lignified tissue (the phloem) to conduct products of photosynthesis (glucose) in a plant, usually downward to roots

Xylem

conducts water & minerals up into a plant

Phloem

moves photosynthates (products of photosynthesis) to storage tissues

Bryophytes

Pteridophytes

Gymnosperms

Angiosperms

Apical Meristematic Tissue

Shoot tip and root tip for increase in length

Lateral Meristematic Tissue

Vascular cambium produces xylem and phloem for lateral growth, increase thickness

Apical Meristem

Growth