Bio 1 Final

What is glycolysis?

The first step of getting energy from food; the process of breaking down glucose

When does glycolysis occur?

Occurs in the cytoplasm

What does glycolysis not require?

Requires no oxygen; 2 ATP and 2 molecules of pyruvic acid are produced

How must pyruvic acid molecules be broken down

cellular respiration

OR
fermentation

What are the two steps of Cellular Respiration?

1. Kerbs Cycle

2. Electron transport chain

What is Kerb’s Cycle

A chain of reactions occurring in the mitochondria, through which almost all living cells produce energy in aerobic respiration

How many more ATP is produced from cellular respiration?

34 more

What does fermentation mean?

The breakdown of pyruvic acid to release energy with no oxygen (anaerobic) present

What are the two types of fermentation?

Alcoholic Fermentation

Lactic acid fermentation

What does Alcoholic Fermentation mean?

Occurs primarily in yeast (also some bacteria and plants)

What does lactic acid fermentation mean?

Occurs in animals and some bacteria

What does Alcoholic Fermentation do?

The breakdown of pyruvic acid to produce alcohol and carbon dioxide

What is produced in alcoholic fermentation?

Ethyal alcohol is produced

What is alcoholic Fermentation used in?

Used in baking bread, added to gasoline, used to produce certain beverages

What does lactic acid fermentation do?

The breakdown of pyruvic acid to produce lactic acid and energy (ATP)

What is produced in lactic acid fermentation?

Lactic acid is produced

What does lactic acid fermentation make?

Makes muscles sore, found in “sour” foods (sauerkraut, yogurt, etc)

What does fermentation not produce as much as?

Fermentation does not produces as much ATP as cellular respiration

What does fermentation only produce from?

It only produces the 2 ATP gained from gylcolysis

Fermentation methods make only what? Into what?

Fermentation methods only make the 2 pyruvic acid molecules into compounds that are less dangerous to the cells

What is the aerobic respiration equation?

C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy/energy out

Cellular Respiration Diagram

Explain an elaborate on all parts of the cellular respiration diagram

1. Glucose enters glycolysis in the cytoplasm

2. Glycolysis breaks glucose into 2 pyruvate molecules and produces a small amount of ATP and NADH

3. After, glycolysis, pyruvate can follow two different pathways depending on oxygen availability

If oxygen is NOT present:

4. Pyruvate undergoes fermentation in the cytiplasm

5. Fermentation produces lactic acid or alcohol and carbon dioxide

6. This process regenerates NAD+ so glycolysis can continue making small amounts of ATP

If oxygen IS present:

4. Pyruvate enters the mitochondria and undergoes oxidative decarboxylation

5. Pyruvate loses carbon dioxide and forms acetyl-CoA and NADH

6. Acetyl-CoA enters the Krebs cycle

7. Electrons from NADH and FADH2 move through the electron transport chain

8. Large amounts of ATP are produced through aerobic cellular respiration

Cells divide instead of growing to large sizes for what two reasons?

Amount of DNA

Exchangeing Materials

Amount of DNA meaning

DNA must be accessible to the cell. A large cell’s needs would not to be able to be met by one copy of DNA located in the nucleus

Exchanging Material meaning

Materials move into and out of a cell through it’s membrane. There must be a high surface area to volume ration to ensure that all materials are exchanged with the cell in the required time

What does cell division mean?

The process by which a parent cell divides to form two identical daughter cells. Cell division is accomplished via the cell cycle

The cell cycle meaning

This is the schedule a cell keeps in order to grow and divide properly and at the proper times

What are the 2 main phases to the cell cycle?

Interphase

Mitosis and cytokinesis (M-phase)

What is the interphase composed of

Composed of G1, the S-phase, and G2

What happened during Interphase?

During the Interphase, the cells grow, replicates its DNA, and prepares for division

Why do cells spend the majority of its time in the interphase?

Because of the time it takes to copy the DNA during the S-phase

What happens in the G1 (Gap 1) of interphase?

Cells grow in size and produces organelles

What happens during the S-Phase (synthesis) of interphase?

Cell copies its DNA

What happens during the G2 (Gap 2) phase of interphase?

Organelles and molecules needed for cell division are produced

What does mitosis consists of?

Mitosis consists of a series of phases that serve to duplicate the nucleus and ensure that each nucleus has one complete copy of the cell’s DNA

What are the four phases of mitosis?

Prophase

Metaphase

Anaphase

telophase