History 134: Exam 1

Which French Catholic ruler ushered in the French Wars of Religion after a disastrous attempt to play rival factions against one another?

Catherine de Médicis

What was the significance of the Peace of Augsburg (1555)?

It made Lutheranism a legal religion in the predominantly Catholic Holy Roman Empire, but it did not extend recognition to Calvinism.

Which European ruling family had lost a significant amount of political and economic power by the end of the seventeenth century?

The Habsburgs

Why did King Henry IV declare "Paris is worth a Mass"?

He converted to Catholicism to ensure his control over France, believing that he needed to place the interests of the state ahead of his Protestant faith.

How did the Edict of Nantes, issued by Henry IV in 1598, end the French Wars of Religion?

It granted Protestants a large measure of toleration, such as freedom to worship in specified towns and the right to retain their own troops, courts, and fortresses.

The Thirty Years' War ended in 1648 after the signing of which of the following documents?

The Peace of Westphalia

The French Catholic lawyer Jean Bodin (1530-1596) is perhaps best known for his defense of what doctrine?

Monarchical absolutism

French Catholic writer Michel de Montaigne (1533-1592) broke with staunch Protestants and Catholics by endorsing what controversial belief?

The ancient doctrine of skepticism, which held that total certainty is never possible

What was one of the chief goals of Ivan the Terrible and his successors?

To expand and make Muscovy the heart of a mighty Russian Empire

The artistic style known as the baroque was most closely tied to which religious movement?

The Catholic resurgence after the Reformation

Principia Mathematica (1687), which synthesized the laws of movement and universal gravitation, was the work of what great scholar?

Isaac Newton

What occurred in Paris on August 24-26, 1572?

Catholic mobs murdered some three thousand Huguenots in the St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre.

Why did Britain and France turn their attention to occupation of the Caribbean islands in the 1620s and 1630s?

The islands were ideal for the new plantation economies of tobacco and sugarcane that were developing with labor from African slaves.

The English civil war of the 1640s led to the emergence of which new religious sects in England?

Baptists, Quakers, and Diggers

Seventeenth-century absolutism was a political response to which of the following French developments?

The fear of disorder and breakdown that was the legacy of the Fronde revolts

What was the purpose of Louis XIV's expansion and professionalization of the French military?

To expand French power in Europe and increase France's territorial holdings on the continent

Why did Louis XIV persecute the Jansenists and drive them underground?

They prioritized individual conscience over the requirements of the church hierarchy.

How did the breakdown of constitutionalism, the violence of the Cossack revolts, and a Russo-Polish war affect religious toleration in Poland-Lithuania?

Religious toleration ended, as Jews fled to shtetls and Protestants fled Catholic reprisals for their support of Sweden during the war.

Tsar Alexei of Russia's model of absolutism was marked by

close regulation of the Orthodox church and the persecution of "Old Believers."

Historians have advanced several different ideas about the increase in the slave trade during the seventeenth century. Which of the following factors might explain this increase?

Improvements in muskets, the rising price of slaves, and growing conflict between African tribes made slave capture easier and more profitable.

Why was the code of 1649 critical to Russia's political and social development?

It impeded social change by imposing a fixed, inherited, and hierarchical social structure.

For more than 150 years, the Austrian Habsburgs and the Ottoman Turks fought over what territory?

Hungary

The series of revolts in France known as the Fronde (1648-1653) broke out when Cardinal Mazarin

arrested his opponents for demanding that the parlements be given the right to approve new taxes.

Although John Milton's Paradise Lost explores the fall of Adam and Eve, it can also be seen as

a response to the turmoil of the English civil war.

Which of the following characterizes the French government's implementation of the new economic doctrine of mercantilism in the mid-seventeenth century?

Arguing that governments must intervene to increase national wealth by whatever means possible, mercantilists rescinded internal customs fees and enacted high foreign tariffs.

Why did Louis XIV place such immense importance on court ritual at the palace of Versailles?

After his experience with the Fronde, he sought to domesticate the warrior nobles by replacing violence with court ritual.

What were the consequences of Louis XIV's revocation of the Edict of Nantes in 1685?

The Calvinists lost all their rights, their churches and schools were closed, and they were forced to convert to Catholicism, leading thousands to flee the country.

Why was the Enlightenment a key historical moment in the discussion of the "woman question" in European society?

Feminist ideas were presented systematically for the first time, representing a fundamental challenge to traditional ways of society.

Why did plantation slavery replace indentured servitude as the major economic anchor of the Atlantic system?

African slave labor was cheaper than indentured servants, allowing plantations to produce mass quantities of commodities at low prices.

Plantations in the New World can best be described as

large tracts of land owned by colonial settlers from western Europe that were farmed by slave labor and produced staple crops.

Why did clothing develop special importance in eighteenth-century cities?

Clothing became a reliable indicator of people's social status and occupation, further distinguishing the social classes.

Although the publication of William Petty's Political Arithmetick in 1690 raised governments' interest in public health as an element of state power, it had little effect on the health of most people because

medicine was not a unified practice, the causes of disease were not known, and many people were not treated.

Which of the following goods played an essential role in the Atlantic economy and the expansion of European consumer society?

Sugar

The population explosion that took place in Europe around the turn of the eighteenth century can be attributed to

a decline in the death rate thanks to better weather, improved agricultural techniques, and the disappearance of the plague.

Why did George Frideric Handel infuse operatic drama with a religious theme in his 1741 oratorio Messiah?

To combine musical materials into a dramatic form that would touch the emotions of the new concert-going public

Why did the Enlightenment flourish in France?

The political atmosphere in France was ripe, as the French monarchy alternated between encouraging ideas for reform and harshly censuring criticisms.

Which event dramatically changed the outcome of the Seven Years' War?

The death of Empress Elizabeth of Russia, after which her successor immediately reversed her anti-Prussian policy, allowing Frederick the Great to escape a crushing defeat

How did the Encyclopedia contribute to Enlightenment goals of social reform?

It promoted the spread of knowledge that could be used to make informed decisions about social problems.

What role did eighteenth-century Parisian salons play in the spread of Enlightenment ideas?

They gave intellectual life an anchor outside the royal court and church-controlled universities by providing a forum for philosophes to discuss ideas.

Some of the more influential economic reforms of the eighteenth century were suggested by a group of economists in France called the physiocrats. What reforms did they support?

They urged the government to deregulate the grain trade, make the tax system more equitable, and abolish urban guilds that prevented free entry into the trades.

How did local governments respond to the growing numbers of urban poor in the eighteenth century?

They created institutions called beggar houses or workhouses that were part workshop, part hospital, and part prison.

Monarchs in many Catholic states used the spread of Enlightenment thought to

increase their control over the church by suppressing the influential Jesuit order.

Over the course of the eighteenth century, what was the trend in the number of out-of-wedlock births?

They quadrupled, as more women began to move to cities and out of the control of their families.

One way in which nobles and the landed gentry in Britain protected their social status and reasserted their privilege in the face of financial and political challenges was that

they defended their exclusive right to hunt game and severely punished poachers, who could even be sentenced to death.

Which enlightened absolutist, whose reforms and accomplishments included the abolition of torture and the support of religious toleration, boasted, "I am the first servant of the state"?

Frederick the Great of Prussia

While the spread of salons, concerts, and exhibitions took place among the middle and upper classes, what forms of entertainment demonstrated the persistence of traditional forms of popular culture among the lower classes?

Peasants continued to enjoy fairs and festivals, while the urban lower classes went to taverns and cabarets and attended forms of entertainment that included organized gambling.

What was the opinion of Enlightenment writers on the role of religion in society?

They did not necessarily oppose organized religion, but they strenuously objected to religious intolerance.

In 1784, the German philosopher Immanuel Kant used which of the following phrases to represent what he felt the Enlightenment stood for?

Sapere aude ("Dare to know")

Who were the sans-culottes?

Members of the urban working classes who wore long trousers rather than the knee breeches of the upper classes

As France's revolutionary armies won victories across the European continent, what was the French government's policy toward the newly "liberated" lands?

It created semi-independent "sister republics" that were modeled on the new French republic.

The deputies of the Third Estate, one of the three estates that made up the Estates General, represented which segment of France's population?

Peasants and the urban middle and lower classes

German states reacted to the French Revolution with an artistic and intellectual revival that was linked to

anti-French nationalism stirred by distrust of France's advancing armies.

By the time France underwent revolution, it was the

richest, most powerful, and most populous state in Europe.

Why were Louis XVI and Marie-Antoinette so unpopular, despite the king's seeming eagerness to promote reform?

They lived extravagantly and appeared indifferent to the misery of the people or the problems of the government.

What impact did the July 14, 1789 fall of the Bastille have on the political landscape of France?

It demonstrated that the common people were willing to intervene violently, and it set off further revolts throughout France, which caused the king's government to crumble.

What did the deputies to the National Assembly declare in the "tennis court oath" of June 20, 1789?

That they would not disband until they had given France a binding constitution

What country disappeared from the map of Europe after Russia divided its territory with Austria and Prussia in 1795?

Poland

Napoleon's founding of the Legion of Honor in 1802 was part of his campaign to

create a new nobility by establishing a social hierarchy based on merit.

Which of the following did Johann Wolfgang von Goethe (1749-1832) refer to as "everything that is sick"?

Romanticism

Following the battle of Borodino in September 1812, Napoleon

entered Moscow to find that the Russians had set it on fire and retreated.

The British political theorist Edmund Burke (1729-1799) was known for what influential belief?

That government should be rooted in experience and that all change should be gradual and respect tradition

Why did western Europeans support the Greek independence movement?

Europeans identified with the Greeks because Greece was viewed as the birthplace of Western civilization.

Which of the following is true of Ferdinand VII after his restoration to the Spanish throne in 1814?

He restricted freedoms and abolished the constitution of 1812.

The French Revolution came to an end in 1799 when Napoleon Bonaparte

took power after a coup, ousted the Directory, and established himself as First Consul.

Conservative European states agreed to Belgium's independence in 1831 under the condition that

Belgium would remain neutral in all international affairs.

The Magyar nationalist Lajos Kossuth, who founded the Protective Association in 1844, was representative of the effort to promote what ideology in eastern Europe?

British liberalism

Young Italy, an Italian nationalist group, was founded in 1831 by what exiled nationalist?

Giuseppe Mazzini

Between 1800 and 1840, many European countries began to close the industrial gap with Great Britain,

but by 1850, continental Europe was still almost twenty years behind Great Britain in industrialization.

Italian nationalists expelled the pope and declared Rome a republic until the pope was reinstalled by

the new French republican president Louis-Napoleon Bonaparte.

Where was the most significant nationalist movement in western Europe?

Ireland

Unlike conservatives, nineteenth-century liberals supported the Enlightenment ideals of personal liberty and free trade because

they believed that greater liberty in politics and economic matters would promote social improvement and economic growth.

The crop failures of the mid-1840s not only drove up the price of food but also

drove down demand for manufactured products, thereby creating widespread unemployment.

Why did the 1848 revolution in Hungary ultimately fail to achieve political autonomy?

The Austrian government took advantage of ethnic and social divisions within the revolutionary movement to suppress the nationalist revolt.

What was the target of Otto von Bismarck's Kulturkampf in the 1870s?

Organized religion

For what did Florence Nightingale achieve fame in the mid-nineteenth century?

Her pioneering work in the field of nursing

William I appointed Otto von Bismarck chancellor in 1862 in the hope that Bismarck would do which of the following?

Put down the growing power of the liberals in the Prussian parliament

Why were laws requiring the education of children difficult to enforce?

Many poorer parents needed their children's help with farmwork or domestic tasks.

French overseas expansion included a push to establish dominion over which of the following territories in the 1860s?

Cochin China

How did Giuseppe Garibaldi help derail Napoleon III's plan to prevent Italian unification?

He liberated Sicily and southern Italy with the assistance of his red-shirted volunteers and then threw his support behind King Victor Emmanuel.

Realism in the arts rejected which of the following?

Romanticism and fervent religious sentiment

In 1848, the United States added which of the following to its territory?

California

What theory led many Europeans to believe that they could solve all social problems through the scientific analysis of facts?

Positivism

The English social theorist Herbert Spencer (1820-1903) argued that

the unfit should be allowed to perish so as not to block the path of progress.

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