EXAM REVIEW (PART 4)

Collection of vocabulary based on the history of Indigenous rights, the Oka Crisis, and the Truth and Reconciliation Commission's Calls to Action.

Harold Cardinal

A Cree scholar from Alberta who responded to the 1969 White Paper by writing the book entitled The Unjust Society.

The Red Paper

The nickname given to Harold Cardinal's book The Unjust Society, which argued that the White Paper ignored treaty obligations and the role of Indigenous peoples as a founding group of Canada.

The Unjust Society

A book by Harold Cardinal that highlighted the struggles of First Nation, Metis, and Inuit peoples to protect their cultural identity against Pierre Elliot Trudeau's Just Society promise.

Section 25 of the Constitution Act, 1982

A section of the Canadian Charter of Rights & Freedoms that preserves and protects the treaty, aboriginal, or other rights of Indigenous peoples, including those from the Royal Proclamation of October 7, 1763.

The Oka Crisis

A 78-day standoff from 11 July to 26 September 1990 between Mohawk protesters and the Quebec police, RCMP, and Canadian Army over a golf course expansion.

The Pines

An area used by the Mohawk people of the Kanesatake reserve for ceremonies, lacrosse, and burial sites that was the site of the 1990 Oka Crisis standoff.

Mercier Bridge

A vital access point into the city of Montreal that was blockaded by protesters during the 1990 Oka Crisis.

The Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples

Established by Prime Minister Brian Mulroney in 1991, it investigated the foundations of a fair relationship between Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal Canadians.

People to People, Nation to Nation

The title of the 1996 final report by the Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples which stated that previous colonial and Canadian government policy directions had been wrong.

June 11, 2008

The date Prime Minister Stephen Harper formally apologized to Canada's Indigenous peoples for the residential school system.

Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada (TRC)

A commission formed in 2008 to document the history and lasting impacts of the residential school system; it concluded the system was an attempted cultural genocide.

94 Calls to Action

Recommendations released by the TRC in June 2015 aimed at repairing the relationship between Canada and Indigenous peoples.

Jordan's Principle

A requirement for the government to ensure equal service delivery for Indigenous children and provide culturally appropriate services to preserve Indigenous culture and language.

Canadian Human Rights Tribunal 2016 ruling

A ruling that found the Canadian government's delivery of services to Indigenous children was discriminatory due to long wait times and poor access to education and healthcare.

Aboriginal Languages Act

Proposed legislation called for by the TRC to protect Indigenous languages and acknowledge them as a part of Aboriginal rights.

Section 43 of the Criminal Code of Canada

A section of legal code that the Truth and Reconciliation Commission called upon the Government of Canada to repeal in its 94 Calls to Action.