Unit 1 Principles of Chemistry Chp 1 State of Matter

What are 3 states of matter?

Solid, Liquid and Gas

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What is the arrangement of solid particles?

Regular arrangement/packed closely together

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What is the movement of solid particles?

Vibrate as fixed position

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What is the force of solid particles?

Have strong attractive force between them

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What is the arrangement of liquid particles?

Arranged randomly

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What is the movement of liquid particles?

Move around (less kinetic than gas)

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What is the force of liquid particles?

Weaker than solid

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What is the arrangement of gas particles?

Arrange randomly further apart

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What is the movement of gas particles?

Move freely at high speed in all directions. (has most kinetic energy) 

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What is the force of gas particles?

Almost no forces

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What are the interconversions between 3 states of matter?

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What is the process of melting

When a solid is heated, particles gain energy. 

It vibrates faster and faster to break the fixed position.
So after that, a solid turns into a liquid. 

What is the melting point?

A temperature at which a solid melts is called a melting point.

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What is the process of freezing? 

When liquid is cooled, liquid particles move around and around more and more slowly. Moving slowly causes forces of attraction to hold them so the state changes from liquid to solid. 

What is freezing point?

A temperature at which liquid freezes is called a freezing point. 

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What is the process of boiling or evaporating?

When liquid is heated, the particles are moving faster and faster and gain enough energy to overcome the forces of attraction between particles, and then liquid changes to gas.

What is the relationship between forces of attraction and boiling point?

Stronger the forces of attraction, the higher the boiling point. So more energy needed to overcome stronger forces.

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What is the process of condensing?

If a gas cooled, the particles would move slowly enough that forces of attraction between them would start to form and hold together as liquid

What are the differences between boiling and evaporation? 

Boiling occurs at a specific temperature, while evaporation occurs at any temperature.

Boiling occurs throughout the liquid, while evaporation occurs on the surface.

Boiling has bubbles but evaporation doesn’t see any bubbles 

Which processes occur in a closed container?

Evaporation and condensation

Which processes occur in an open container?

Evaporation only

What is sublimation? 

Conversion of a solid to gas

What is deposition? 

Conversion of a gas to solid

What is the relationship substance temperature and melting point and boiling point of its?

Substance is solid at temperature below its melting point. 

Between it melting point and boiling, it is liquid

Above its boiling point, it is a gas.

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What is diffusion?

Random movement of particles from an area of higher concentration to lower concentration by colliding with other particles.

Why does diffusion only happen in liquids and gases but not solids?

Diffusion doesn’t happen in solids because solids only vibrate at fixed positions.

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P.A

How to carry out a diffusion experiment in gas that shows particles of different gases travel at different speeds?

NH₃ and HCl experiment

• NH₃ particles and HCL particles diffuse along the tube. 

• White ring of solid ammonium forms where they meet.

• White ring of ammonium chloride takes time to forms 

• White ring appears close to hydrochloric acid (Because ammonia is lighter than HCL so it travel further) 

• NH₃ travels further in the same amount of time. 

• So a white ring forms further away from the ammonia end or closer to hydrochloric acid.

What is the rule of diffusion for lighter particles and heavier particles?

Lighter particles diffuse faster and travel a distance further. Heavier particles diffuse slower and travel less further.

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Discuss the result of the experiment of diffusion in liquid. 

• Can take days for color to diffuse throughout all water

• Particles in liquid moves more slowly than particles in gas

• The particles in liquid are so much closer than in gas, so there is less space for particles to move into without colliding with another one.

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What is the term solute?

Substances that dissolve

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What is the term solvent?

Liquid that dissolves in

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What is the term solution?

The liquid formed

Why can some substances dissolve but some can’t?

If the substances can overcome forces of attraction, they can dissolve. If not, they aren’t dissolvable.

What are 2 types of mixtures?

Homogeneous mixture (solution) & Heterogeneous mixture

What are the steps of preparing and forming a solution?

• When you make solution, attractive forces between the particles in solute (solid) are broken down

• At the same time, new attractive forces are being formed between solvent particles and solute particles 

• Whether particular solid is soluble in any solvent depends on whether new attractive  forces (forces of attraction between solute and solvent) are strong enough to overcome old one (forces of attraction between particles in the solid).

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What is meant by the term "solubility"?

The mass of solute that must dissolve in 100g of solvent to form a saturated solution at a particular temperature.

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What is the term saturated solution?

Maximum amount of solute dissolved in 100g of solvent at a particular temperature.

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How to carry out an experiment that determines the solubility of potassium nitrate, KNO₃?

• Weight an evaporation basin 

• Heat a boiling tube of water to just above 40°C

• Add potassium nitrate to the water in the boiling tube and stir rapidly until no more of it will dissolve and there is undissolved solid left over 

• Allow the solution to cool to exactly 40°C

• Pour off some of the solution into the evaporating basin (only solution, no solid). Doesn’t pour all solution 

• Weight the evaporating basin and contents 

• Heat the evaporating basin and contents gently to evaporate off all the water. 

• When it looks as if all the water has evaporated, weigh the evaporating basin and contents

Heat the evaporating basin and contents again and then re-weigh. This is to make sure water has indeed evaporated and is called “Heating to constant mass."

What apparatuses are used in this experiment?

-Water bath

-Beaker

-boiling tube

-thermometer 

-evaporating basin

How to find solubility? 

Mass of solute/mass of solvent x 100

Lavel the parts of cooling curve

Label the parts of heating curve

What is Brownian motion?

Random movement of microscopic particles suspended in a liquid or a gas caused by bombardment of smaller particles