THE CELL hooray

some cellsincrease surface area relative to volume because

their main job is to exchange with the surrounding environment (root hairs, villi of small intenstine, alveoli of lung)

smaller organisms have

high surface area to volume ratio

prokaryotes

no nucleus, no membranous organelles, have flagella, cell wall, DNA, and ribosomes

Eukaryotes

have nucleus, have membranous organelles

ribosomes

found on the rough ER and cytoplasm, make proteins as directed by the nucleus. No membrane, made up of RNA

smooth endoplasmic reticulum

highly folded membrane, aids in lipid synthesis and detoxification

rough ER

has ribosomes attached, involved in protein assembly and transport, mechanical support of the cell, transports between nucleus and cytoplasm

golgi apparatus

made of flattened sacs, folds and packages proteins in vesicles

lysosomes

membrane organelles that contain digestive enzymes, important in intracellular digestion. digests food or unwanted organelles

vacuoles

membrane bound organelles that temporarily store materials, plants have one large one (provides turgor pressure) and animals have many small ones.

mitochondria

convert food into ATP energy, have a double membrane and DNA. Electron transport chain occurs on the inner membrane, Kreb cycle occurs in the matrix

chloroplasts

the site of photosynthesis, converts sunlight into ATP. contain thylakoids (stacks of grana) in the stroma