Nutrition Final Exam: Review Table

What are the 2 major macronutrients needed to help with female infertility?

1) Protein (plant)

2) PUFAs

What are the 6 micro-vitamins needed to help with female infertility? Which is most important?

1) D

2) E

3) C

4) B6

5) B12

6) Folate -- most important

What are the 5 micro-minerals needed to help with female infertility? Which is most important?

1) Fe

2) Zn

3) I

4) Cu

5) Se

It is recommended for female infertility to take multivitamins/supplements with what 2 things in it?

1) Folic acid

2) Omega-3s

What are the 4 lifestyle changes that are important to help with female infertility?

1) Healthy body weight

2) Don't smoke or drink

3) Limit caffeine

4) Healthy diet (Mediterranean diet)

What are the 2 major macronutrients needed to help with male infertility? What macronutrient should there be less of?

More:

1) PUFA

2) Protein (vegetarian)

(same as women)

Less saturated fats

What are the 3 micro-vitamins suggested to help with male infertility?

1) C

2) E

3) Carotenoids (A)

NOTE: ACE

What are the 2 supplements suggested to help with male infertility?

Vit C & E

(AOX)

What two major lifestyle changes can help with male infertility?

1) Limit caffeine, alcohol, cigarettes, & marijuana

2) healthy diet

For a healthy diet to help with male infertility, you should be eating ______ of veggies, ________ of fruits, _________ of whole grains, and __________ of low fat dairy.

2.5c veggies

2c fruit

3 servings whole grains

3 servings low-fat dairy

During pregnancy, there is a 20% _______ in heartrate, 10% _______ in BP, and cardiac output ________ by 30-50%.

Increase

Decrease

Increase

During pregnancy, blood volume _______ by 10% by ____ weeks and 50% by ____ weeks, while the RBC mass ________ to 25%

Increase

7 weeks

32 weeks

Increase

During pregnancy, looser ligaments causes the ribs to _______, and there is a 40% __________ in ventilation

Ribs to flare

Increase

During pregnancy, the kidneys get _________ to account for the blood volume ___________, progesterone _________ size of the pelvis, GFR ________ by 40-50%, there is a _________ in sodium and fluid retention, and glucose loss __________ risk of kidney infection

Bigger

Increase

Increase

Increase

Increase

Increase

During pregnancy, progesterone __________ reflux, nausea, and vomiting.

Increases

During pregnancy, there is increased insulin _______ and ________

Secretion & resistance

During pregnancy, there is a change in the center of gravity, which can lead to what?

Forward head position

What is the energy requirement during the 1st trimester of pregnancy? 2nd trimester? 3rd trimester?

1 = 0 Cal/d

2 = 340 Cal/d

3 = 450 Cal/d

For macronutrients during pregnancy, what is the carb RDA during pregnancy and lactation? Fiber RDA?

Carb = 175 g/d

Fiber = 28 g/d

NOTE: Fiber 25g/d pre-pregnancy

How do you calculate the protein needs for the 1st half of pregnancy? Second half of pregnancy & lactation? What if the mother is having multiples?

1st half:

Current weight x 0.8 g/kg

(similar to non-pregnant individuals)

2nd half & lactation:

Current weight x 1.1 g/kg

Multiples:

Add 25g for each extra baby

What are the 3 most important micronutrient vitamins during pregnancy?

1) Folate

2) Vit D

3) Vit B12

What are the 5 most important micronutrient minerals required during pregnancy? Which is most important?

1) Ca

2) Fe (most important)

3) I

4) Na

5) Cu

NOTE: maybe Se too

What are the 7 nutrients of concern with Post Partum Depression (PPD)?

1) Omega 3

2) Fe

3) Zn

4) Mg

5) B6

6) B9

7) B12

For pregnancy, prenatal supplements should be taken containing what 2 things?

Folic acid & Iron

NOTE: The most important vitamin & mineral; longest to normalize after birth (folate longest at about 6 months to renormalize)

Folic acid supplements before pregnancy can help decrease the risk of what?

Premature delivery

What are 5 lifestyle changes to be aware of for pregnancy?

1) Don't stress

2) Limit caffeine, alcohol, nicotine

3) Watch foodborne risk (Salads from store, Unpasteurized products, Cold deli meat)

4) Avoid high mercury fish (shark, swordfish, king mackerel)

5) exercise (150 mins moderate intensity exercise/week)

What eating disorder is common during pregnancy?

PICA (eating nonfood items)

What are 4 major side effects of pregnancy?

1) N/V

2) Constipation

3) Hemorrhoids

4) Heartburn

How can N/V be managed with pregnancy? (4)

1) Eat small, frequent meals (low-fat & low-fiber)

2) Drink liquids between meals

3) Avoid aroma foods or supplements triggering nausea

4) Try supplements of ginger or B6

How can constipation & hemorrhoids be managed during pregnancy?

Increase exercise, fiber, and fluid

With hemorrhoids also add resting later in day

How can heartburn be managed during pregnancy? (4)

1) Avoid large meals and tight clothing

2) Keep fluids for after meals, drinking less soda and coffee

3) Eat less high-fat foods

4) Avoid trigger foods such as spice, chocolate, spearmint/peppermint

C-sections need how much more protein to supplement for healing?

25-50g of protein/day

How many Carbs are needed during lactation? Fiber?

Carbs = 210 g/day

Fiber = 28 g/day

(same as pregnancy)

What are the 7 micro vitamins suggested for lactation?

1) D

2) Folate (longest to return to normal at 6 months)

3) B6

4) B12

5) K

6) Riboflavin

What are the 3 microminerals that are suggested for lactation?

1) Fe (second longest to normalize after birth)

2) I

3) Ca

What supplements should be done during lactation? What 2 other things can be added?

Continue prenatal

1) Vitamin D

2) Omega-3

What 2 lifestyle changes do we want to make during lactation?

1) Limit caffeine and alcohol

2) Increase galactogogues (oats, almonds to increase milk production)

What are the extra Calories needed during the first 6 months of breastfeeding? After 6 months (extending breast feeding)?

0-6 months: +330 Cal/d

>6 months: +400 Cal/d

What are the protein requirements for infancy 0-6 months? 6-12 months?

0-6 months: 1.5 g/kg

6-12 months: 1.2 g/kg

What are 3 the vitamins of concern during infancy?

1) D

2) K

3) B12 (vegan mom if breastfed)

What are the 2 minerals of concern during infancy? Which is most important?

1) Fe (most important)

2) I

What 2 supplementation may infants need if they are breastfed? Formula fed?

Breastfed = Vit D & Iron

Formula fed: should be getting through formula so good

At what age and how much Iron should be supplemented in each of these infant conditions according to the CPG:

Full-term & Breastfed?

Pre-term & Breastfed?

Formula fed?

Toddlers not meeting intake?

Full-term & Breastfed = 4 months (1mg/kg/day)

Pre-term & Breastfed = 1 month (2 mg/kg/day)

Formula fed = NONE

Toddlers not meeting intake = liquid supplement until 3 years old, chewable multivitamin >3

What 2 things should be absolutely avoided in the first year of life (infancy)? What should be limited?

Avoid:

Honey & Corn syrup

Limit:

Juice (white grape)

When should water be introduced to an infant?

6-12 months (small amounts in sippy cup)

When should honey/corn syrup be introduced in infants?

12 months

When should cow's milk be introduced in infants?

12 months (whole milk 1-2 years; 2% atleast 5 years)

No more than 24 ounces/day of cow's milk should be consumed by an infant or child 1-2 years old otherwise what can occur? What does this lead to?

Cow's milk anemia

Leads to iron deficiency anemia

When should juice be introduced in infants? How much?

NOT until they can drink out of a cup (>12 months)

1-6 years is U4-6 ounces/day MAX

What should an infant be eating from 0-6 months?

Breast milk or formula

-- add Vit D or Fe if needed

What can an infant be eating from 6-8 months?

Fe-containing foods (fortified cereals, pureed meats, beans), pureed veggies/fruits, cooked eggs

What can an infant be eating from 8-10 months?

Yogurt, grain products, veggies/fruits of varying textures, legumes, hard cheese

What can an infant be eating from 10-12 months?

Finger foods, chopped fruits/veggies, sippy cup

What are the protein requirements for children 1-3 years old? 4-8 years old? 9-13 years old?

1-3 years: 1.05 g/kg

4-8 years: 0.95 g/kg

9-13 years: 0.95 g/kg

What are the Carb requirements for young children for percent energy? Fat requirements for percent energy?

Carbs = 45-65% energy

Fat = 30% energy

What micro-vitamin is most important in young children?

Vitamin D

NOTE: think gone growth

What 3 micro-mineral is most important in young children?

1) Fe (especially 1-2/3 year olds)

2) Ca

3) Na

NOTE: think bone growth

What are 3 lifestyle changes to remember with young children?

1) Food jags (periods of likes/dislikes)

2) Increase physical activity

3) Watch portion sizes (& offer plenty of fruits & veggies)

What are the 11 factors impacting dietary intake of children?

1) Food jags (periods of like/dislike)

2) Food aversions (often increase constipation)

3) Food neophobia (reluctance to try)

4) Appetite decrease after 1 year

5) Satiety (3-5 y/o less responsive to internal satiety cues)

6) Impulsivity

7) Media influence

8) Parental influence

9) Cultural influence

10) Socioeconomic status

11) Obesogenic environment

What are the MC nutritional deficiency in childhood?

Iron deficiency (MC; < 2yrs)

What are the GO foods? SLOW foods? WHOA foods?

GO = eat anytime (fruits, veggies, salads, lean meats)

SLOW = eat sometimes (enriched foods, processed foods, waffles, breads, crackers)

WHOA = eat once in a while (treats such as soda, fries, candy bars, chips)

What are the protein requirements for 9-13 year olds? 14-18 year olds?

9-13 years: 0.95 g/kg

14-18 years: 0.85 g/kg

What are the carb requirements for adolescence?

130 g/d

What are the 2 micro-vitamins needed for adolescence?

1) Vitamin D

2) Folate

NOTE: think bone growth and female menstruation for adolescence

What are the 2 micro-minerals needed in adolescence?

1) Fe

2) Ca

NOTE: think bone growth and female menstruation for adolescence

What vitamin and mineral is especially important as adolescent females age?

Folate & Iron

What are 3 lifestyle changes that should be done with adolescence?

1) Limit screen time

2) Plenty of physical activity

3) Limit competitive foods (that compete w/ healthy foods)

For acne in adolescence what kind of diet can help? What should you lower?

More plant based w/ omega 3s

lower saturated fats

For adolescence with ADHD, what should be added to the diet?

omega-3s

What is the protein requirement for adults <65 years old? >65 years old?

<65 years: 0.8 g/kg

>65 years: 1-1.2 g/kg

What is the fiber requirement for older adult men? Older adult women?

Men = 30 g/d

Women = 21 g/d

What are the 3 vitamins of concern in older adults?

1) B12 (less IF so decreased absorption)

2) Vit D

3) Folate

What are the 4 minerals of concern in older adults? What 2 are especially if BP is an issue?

1) Ca

2) Zn

3 & 4) Na & K (if BP an issue)

What supplement is recommend for anyone over the age of 50? What else should be looked into for supplmementation?

B12

Check medication nutrient depletion if taking medications

What are 3 lifestyle changes that should be made with older adults?

1) Drink plenty of fluids (thirst mechanism decreases)

2) Exercise naturally

3) Surround self w/ happy people

What diet is shown to extend lifespan? What are some of those longevity foods?

Plant based diet

Longevity foods: Beans, Greens, Sweet potatoes, Nuts, Olive Oil, Barley, Fruits, Green/Herbal Teas, Turmeric, Fish

What age is considered young adult?

20-44 years

During the young adult stage, bone density ___________ until about 30-35 years, _________ may grow as long as used, _________ becomes a substantial source of energy, and women have later aged birth rates that have ____________ in the past 30 years

Increase

Muscle mass

Alcohol

Increase

What age is middle adults?

45-64

During the middle adult life stage, _________ changes, and men experience a drop in _____________ around 40-50 years.

Body composition

Testosterone

T/F: In middle aged men, weight gain is often due to the dropping of testosterones around 40-50 years.

FALSE

Weight gain due to less exercise, NOT testosterone

What age is considered older adults?

65+ years

In the older adult stage, exercise can offset the decline in ________, the immune system will ________, the ability to taste and smell _________, and saliva and gastric secretions __________.

Muscle mass

Weakens

Decrease

Decrease

What are 3 physiologic changes that occur with aging that may influence nutrient intake or utilization when it comes to body composition?

1) Sarcopenia

2) More over-nourishment with lack of muscle

3) Prevent weigh-bearing exercise

What are 3 physiologic changes that occur with aging that may influence nutrient intake or utilization when it comes to taste and smell?

1) Decrease w/ age

2) Medication can change taste/smell acuity

3) Be careful for added sodium

When it comes to oral physiologic changes that occur with aging that may influence nutrient intake or utilization, tooth loss, dentures, and xerostomia can cause ________ issues, resulting in a focus on soft, pliable foods

Chewing issues

What are 6 physiologic changes that occur with aging that may influence nutrient intake or utilization when it comes to GI?

1) Reduced pancreatic/gallbladder secretions

2) Dysphagia

3) Decreased gastric mucus production

4) Decreased Ca & Zn absorption

5) Achlorhydria (affecting Ca & B12 abs)

6) Diverticulosis & constipation

What are 3 physiologic changes that occur with aging that may influence nutrient intake or utilization when it comes to hormones?

Decrease in:

1) Insulin (increase diabetic risk)

2) Melatonin (sleep issues)

3) Estrogen/Testosterone (decrease lean mass)

What are 5 physiologic changes that occur with aging that may influence nutrient intake or utilization when it comes to the immune system?

1) Increased high-quality protein

2) antioxidants

3) B6

4) Vit E

5) Zn

What is the FRAIL scale? How much of the criteria is classified as frial?

Fatigue

Resistance

Ambulation (slow walk)

Illness

Loss (weight, 5% or more in past year)

3 or more criteria classified as frail