Opitz Introduction to Chemistry Final Exam Study Guide

Vocabulary practice flashcards covering basic chemistry concepts, atomic models, periodic trends, and units from the Intro to Chemistry Final Exam study guide.

Independent Variable

The variable in an experiment that is changed or controlled to test the effects on the dependent variable.

Dependent Variable

The variable being tested and measured in a scientific experiment, such as the number of A's on a test.

Qualitative Data

Data that describes qualities or characteristics rather than numerical values.

Quantitative Data

Data that can be measured and written down with numbers.

Intrinsic Property

A physical property of a system that does not depend on the system size or the amount of material in the system, such as density.

Extensive Property

A physical property that depends on the amount of matter in a sample, such as weight or calorie content.

Law of Conservation of Matter

A fundamental principle stating that matter cannot be created or destroyed in an isolated system.

Viscosity

The measure of a fluid's resistance to flow.

Dalton's Law of Partial Pressures

In a mixture of non-reacting gases, the total pressure exerted is equal to the sum of the partial pressures of the individual gases.

J.J. Thomson

Scientist associated with the discovery of electrons and the Plum-pudding model of the atom.

Ernest Rutherford

Scientist who proposed the Nuclear Model of the atom.

Niels Bohr

Scientist who proposed the Planetary Model of the atom, featuring discrete energy levels.

Erwin Schrödinger

Scientist associated with the Orbitals and Electron Cloud model of the atom.

James Chadwick

Scientist credited with the discovery of neutrons.

Quarks

Subatomic particles that make up protons and neutrons.

Isotopes

Atoms of the same element that have the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons.

Atomic Number

The number of protons found in the nucleus of an atom.

Mass Number

The total number of protons and neutrons in an atomic nucleus.

Octet Rule

A chemical rule of thumb that reflects the observation that atoms of main-group elements tend to combine in such a way that each atom has eight electrons in its valence shell.

Ionic Bond

A chemical bond formed between a metal and a non-metal where the metal gives electrons and the non-metal accepts them.

Covalent Bond

A chemical bond formed between non-metals characterized by the sharing of electrons.

Atomic Radius

A periodic trend that measures the size of an atom, typically increasing down a group and decreasing across a period from left to right.

1st Ionization Energy

The energy required to remove the most loosely held electron from one mole of gaseous atoms.

Electronegativity

A measure of the tendency of an atom to attract a bonding pair of electrons.

Diatomic Elements

Elements that naturally exist as molecules composed of two atoms: $Br_{2}$, $I_{2}$, $N_{2}$, $Cl_{2}$, $H_{2}$, $O_{2}$, and $F_{2}$.

Synthesis Reaction

A type of chemical reaction in which two or more simple substances combine to form a more complex product.

Standard Pressure Units

Equivalencies include $1\,\text{atm} = 760\,\text{mm Hg} = 760\,\text{Torr} = 101.325\,\text{kPa} = 1.01325\,\text{Bar}$.