GCSE Human Bio Chp 1 Cells

Label the specialized cells in animal under light microscope

Nucleus, cell membranes, mitochondria, cytoplasm

Label specialized cells under electron microscope

Mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, nucleus

Name specialized cells of plant under electron microscope

Nucleus, cell wall

Name specialized cell of plant

Cell membrane, cell wall, vacuole, cytoplasm, chloroplasts mitochondrion, ribosomes

Name specialized cells of animal

Nucleus, cell membrane, cytoplasm, ribosomes, mitochondrion

What is cell

Basic building block of living organisms

How many cells in human body?

Countless millions

What is cytoplasm and its texture?

Cytoplasm is living material that made up cell and have sloppy jelly texture

What is sloppy jelly?

it is a jelly-like substance (semi-solid).

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What is nucleus and its function? 

It is largest organelle and its function is to control the activites of cell

What is in nucleus? 

Chromosomes

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How many chromosomes in human body and its function?

46 in human cells and function is to carry genetic material or gene

What is the function of genes?

To control activities in a cell, determine which protein the cell can made and it is a part of a molecule of DNA that codes for a specific protein.

What is group of proteins in cells called?

Enzymes 

What is enzymes function? 

To control chemical reactions that take place in cytoplasm

What is cell membrane and its texture? (Cell surface membrane)

It is a thin layer like skin that all cells are surrounded by

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What is the function of cell membrane?

It forms boundary between cytoplasm of cell and outside 

What is meant by partially permeable?

It only allow small substances to pass through

What is membrane function?

It can actively control movement of some substances

What is meant by selectively permeable?

t is when organelle can control movement of some substances

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What is mitochondria and its function?

Mitochondria are the powerhouses of cells that are mostly found more in cells that require lots of energy. Its function is to release energy and site of aerobic respiration. EXAMPLE: nerve cell & muscle cell & function is to help in some reaction of aerobic respiration 

What is network of membrane?

Endoplasmic reticulum

What is ER covered with?

Tiny granules called ribosomes

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What is the function of ribosomes?

Where protein is synthesized

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What is the function of ER

Spaces between ER and membrane act as transportation system to send protein to the part of cells where it needed.

What is the full name of DNA? 

Deoxyribose nucleic acid

Which section of DNA determines a particular feature?

Gene

How many DNA molecules in each chromosome?

One DNA molecule

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What is DNA structure?

Folded and coiled

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Why is it folded and coiled?

To pack into small places

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What is coiled around DNA?

Protein called “Histone” 

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What is a DNA molecule made out of? 

2 strands of molecular groups called “nucleotide”

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What are components in nucleotides?

Phosphate group, sugar molecule called deoxyribose and nitrogenous bases (Adenine, Thymine, Guanine and Cytosine)

What is the name of sugar in nucleotides?

Deoxyribose

What is the base pairing rule?

Complementary bases always bind with each other & never with other bases

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What are two strands held by? 

Hydrogen bonds

Are hydrogen bonds strong or weak? 

Weak

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Explain which atoms are on each side of a complementary base. 

Hydrogen atom on one base and oxygen or nitrogen atom on another base

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Are hydrogen bonds easily broken, and why? & what is the cause of it? 

They are easily broken because they are weak hydrogen bonds. It causes chains to separate.

When did the chain separation happen? 

When DNA made a copy of itself or DNA replication

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Describe the structure of a DNA molecule as two strands coiled to form a double helix, containing nucleotides, strands linked by complementary bases, and bases linked by hydrogen bonds. 

DNA molecules are folded and coiled around proteins called histones. Each DNA molecule contains 2 strands of molecular groups called nucleotides that contain complementary or nitrogenous bases, a phosphate group, and sugar molecules. The strands are bound by complementary bases to each other and never with other base pairs. Each of the 2 strands is held by hydrogen bonds. Hydrogen atoms stand on one base and oxygen or nitrogen atoms on another base. Weak hydrogen bonds cause chains to separate.

What is the only chemical that can make a copy of itself, & what is the advantage of it?

DNA is the only chemical that can replicate itself and its advantage is that it is able to pass genetic information from one generation to next as “genetic code."

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What is the process of ‘replication?’

The polynucleotide strands of DNA separate. Each strand acts as a template for the formation of a new strand of DNA. DNA polymerase assembles nucleotides into two new strands according to base pairing rules. Then two identical DNA molecules are formed—each contains a strand from the parent DNA and a new complementary strand.

Which cell receives exactly the same amount and type of DNA? 

Daughter cell

Which enzyme controls the new strands of DNA assembled from nucleotides? 

DNA polymerase

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How many strands of DNA can code for protein? What is the name of the strand that can code for protein?

Only 1 strand of DNA can code, and the name of the strand is called the "template strand." 

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What is the capability of a gene that has to do with protein?

It is a section of a molecule of DNA that codes for a specific protein.

What is the strand that can’t code for protein?

Non-template strand

What are 2 types of proteins?

Structural protein

EXAMPLE: Keratin in skin, myosin in muscles.

 & others with particular function

EXAMPLE: Hemoglobin, other hormones

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What are proteins made out of? 

Made of chains of amino acid

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What is the rule of the sequence of three bases made up of how many amino acids?

Sequence of three bases in the template strand of DNA can make up one amino acid.

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What is the scheme of the DNA code and the scheme of the code for the sequence of bases that codes for all amino acids in protein? 

DNA's code scheme is a codon (triplet) , and the scheme of sequence of bases that codes for all amino acids in protein is a gene.

Why is DNA code universal? 

Base sequence TGT codes for all organisms, so it is universal.