Honors Bio Midterm Review

What are organic molecules primarily composed of?

Organic molecules contain C–C or C–H bonds.

How many covalent bonds can carbon form?

Carbon can form 4 covalent bonds.

What are isomers?

Isomers are molecules with the same formula but different structures.

What are hydrocarbons?

Hydrocarbons are molecules made up of only carbon and hydrogen.

What do functional groups determine?

Functional groups determine the chemical behavior of molecules.

Give an example of a functional group and its formula.

Hydroxyl (–OH) is an example of a functional group.

What are the four major macromolecules?

Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.

What reaction builds a polymer from monomers?

Dehydration reaction builds polymers from monomers.

What is the process for breaking down polymers into monomers?

Hydrolysis is the process for breaking down polymers into monomers.

What is a monosaccharide?

Monosaccharides are single sugar molecules like glucose and fructose.

What is a polysaccharide?

Polysaccharides are polymers of monosaccharides and include starch, glycogen, and cellulose.

What is the primary function of carbohydrates?

Carbohydrates serve as a quick energy source.

What are lipids primarily composed of?

Lipids are primarily composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.

What is the role of triglycerides?

Triglycerides function as typical fats and oils for long-term energy storage.

What is the function of enzymes?

Enzymes act as catalysts to speed up chemical reactions.

What is the primary function of nucleic acids?

Nucleic acids store and transmit genetic information.

What are the two types of cells in terms of nuclei?

Prokaryotic cells have no nucleus, while eukaryotic cells have a nucleus.

What happens during mitosis?

Mitosis produces two identical daughter cells.

What is apoptosis?

Apoptosis is programmed cell death that helps shape organisms.

What is cancer in terms of cell division?

Cancer is uncontrolled cell division due to loss of regulation.

What is ATP in terms of cellular energy?

ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate) is the main energy-carrying molecule in cells.

What process converts glucose to ATP?

Cellular respiration converts glucose to ATP.

What is photosynthesis?

Photosynthesis is the process by which plants convert sunlight, water, and CO2 into glucose and oxygen.

What is the primary product of the Calvin Cycle in photosynthesis?

The primary product of the Calvin Cycle is glucose.

What are autotrophs?

Autotrophs are organisms that produce their own food through photosynthesis or chemosynthesis.

What is the Rule of 10 in ecology?

The Rule of 10 states that only 10% of energy moves to the next trophic level, while 90% is lost as heat or used for metabolism.