BIO 141 Final Exam- Penn State

what two structures secrete estrogen?

follicular cells and corpus luteum

Which of the following statements is true?

- sustentacular/Sertoli cells are stimulated by FSH to release Androgen Binding Protein

- Interstitial/ Leydig cells are stimulated by LH to release testosterone

- Androgen Binding Protein and testosterone are both required to stimulate sperm production (spermatogenesis)

- B & C

- all are true

all are true

gonadotropins

hormones that regulate spermatogenesis

what does testosterone directly inhibit?

GnRH

A man is taking in high levels of external testosterone as steroids. How will this impact the normal control of sex hormones in his body?

- the pituitary will release more FSH/LH

- the pituitary will release less FSH/LH

- the body will produce more natural testosterone

- the hypothalamus will release more GnRH

the pituitary will release less FSH/LH

ovaries

site of egg production and release

ovulation

release the egg cells (oocytes)

oocytes

also known as zygote; travel through the uterine tube (oviduct fallopian tube)

at mature stage, how many secondary oocytes remain?

only one

where does successful fertilization occur?

uterine tubes

where does the implantation of the fertilized egg occur?

uterus

uterus

Female organ of reproduction used to house the developing fetus.

two layers of uterus

myometrium (smooth muscle) and endometrium (cells and blood vessels)

ovarian cycle

changes in the ovaries

menstrual cycle

changes in uterus

Three stages of menstrual cycle

1. proliferative phase

2. secretory phase

3. menstrual phase

proliferative phase

mitosis increased vascularization; addition of progesterone receptors

secretory phase

progesterone-controlled endometrium thicken further if no pregnancy

menstrual phase

the days of the menstrual cycle on which menstrual bleeding occurs

different types of estrogen

estradiol, estriol, estrone

maintain primary sexual characteristics

ovaries, uterus, oviducts, vaginal canal

maintain secondary sexual characteristics

development of breasts and nipples; distribution of body fat, flare of pelvis

excitement (female sexual response)

triggered by input of senses, controlled by parasympathetic autonomic motor division, vasocongestion of genitals

plateau phase

the second phase of the sexual response cycle, during which physical arousal continues to increase as the partners bodies prepare for orgasm, clitoris is engorged with blood

orgasm (female sexual response)

-Controlled by sympathetic system

-Coordinated contraction of pelvis and vaginal muscles

-Uterus undergoes peristaltic contractions

-May help move sperm to/into uterus??

Resolution in female sexual response

-Muscles relax

-Blood flow decreases

-Heart and breath rate decrease

-Woman do not have a refractory period

what happens after sex?

-300-400 million sperm ejaculated

- only 2,000 to 5,000 actually make it to the oocyte

Fertilization

Process in sexual reproduction in which male and female reproductive cells join to form a new cell

- must prevent polyspermy

Implantation

process in which the blastocyst attaches to the wall of the uterus

- less than 5,000 sperm make it to the fallopian tubes

- blastocyst produces HCG

birth control

-low levels of estrogen and progesterone

-presence of these hormones during the whole month will alter the GnRH pulse rate and affect FSH and LH levels

cervix

-entry point of the uterus from the vagina

-produces two types of mucous (thick before ovulation and thin after ovulation)

menopause

- climacteric: changes in hormones (male and female)

- with age, primary follicles stop responding to FSH/LH

- secrete less estrogen and progesterone

testes

male gonads

tubes to transport sperm

epididymis, ductus deferens, urethra

glands that contribute to semen

seminal vesicles, prostate gland, bulbourethral glands

Testes are located in the

scrotum, which is an external pouch that hangs below the penis and maintains a temperature 2 to 4 degrees celsius lower than body temp

three types of cells in the seminiferous tubules

interstitial cells, germ cells, Sertoli cells

What is the first hormone the hypothalamus releases?

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)

What hormones does GnRH stimulate?

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and Luteinizing hormone (LH)

What does FSH do?

Stimulates Sustentacular/Sertoli cells to secrete Androgen Binding Protein (ABP)

What does LH do?

Stimulates Interstitial/Leydig cells to secrete testosterone

What two hormones stimulate sperm cell production?

ABP and testosterone

What does testosterone directly inhibit?

GnRH

What does Inhibin inhibit?

FSH

Where is Inhibin released from?

Sustentacular/Sertoli cells