Diabetes Mellitus Types I & II

Flashcards on Diabetes Mellitus Types I & II

Diabetes Mellitus

A metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both.

Type 1 Diabetes

An autoimmune reaction that destroys beta cells in the pancreas, leading to little or no insulin production.

Type 2 Diabetes

A condition where the pancreas produces insulin, but the body becomes resistant to it, impairing blood glucose regulation.

Beta Cells

Cells in the pancreas responsible for producing insulin.

Insulin

A hormone that regulates blood glucose levels by allowing glucose to enter cells for energy.

Autoimmune Reaction

A condition where the body's immune system attacks its own cells, like beta cells in Type 1 Diabetes.

Risk Factors for Type 1 Diabetes

Genetics, family history, pancreas diseases, infections, or illnesses.

ADA Recommendation for Type 1 Diabetes

Anyone with a first-degree relative with type 1 diabetes is at higher or increased risk and should be tested.

Diagnosing Type 1 Diabetes risk

Simple blood test

Infection or Illness (Type 1 Diabetes)

Rare infections or illnesses can damage the pancreas and cause type 1 diabetes.

Excessive Thirst

A common symptom of Type 1 Diabetes due to high blood glucose levels.

Excessive Hunger

A symptom of Type 1 Diabetes even with elevated blood glucose.

Unexplained Weight Loss

A symptom of Type 1 Diabetes due to the body's inability to use glucose for energy effectively.

Blurred Vision

A symptom of Type 1 Diabetes caused by changes in the eye's lens due to high blood glucose.

Slow Healing of Cuts and Sores

A symptom of Type 1 Diabetes due to impaired blood flow and nerve damage.

Fatigue

A common symptom of Type 1 Diabetes due to the body's inability to use glucose for energy efficiently.

Frequent Urination

A symptom of Type 1 Diabetes as the body tries to eliminate excess glucose through urine.

Vaginal Yeast Infection

A symptom, more common in women, due to elevated glucose levels promoting yeast growth.

Generic Name: Insulin Aspart

Can be either Ultra Rapid (Fiasp) or Rapid (Novorapid/Novolog)

Fiasp Onset

2-15 mins

Fiasp Peak

30-60 mins

Fiasp Duration

4 hrs

Novorapid/Novolog Onset

15-20 mins

Novorapid/Novolog Peak

45 mins

Novorapid/Novolog Duration

3-5 hrs

Humalog Generic Name

Insulin Lispro

Humalog Onset

15-30 mins

Humalog Peak

60 mins

Humalog Duration

3-5 hrs

Huminsulin R Generic Name

Insulin Regular

Huminsulin R Onset

30 mins - 1 hr

Huminsulin R Peak

2-4 hrs

Huminsulin R Duration

6-8 hrs

Humulin N Generic Name

Insulin NPH

Humulin N Onset

1-2 hrs

Humulin N Peak

4-6 hrs

Humulin N Duration

12-18 hrs

Lantus Generic Name

Insulin Glargine

Lantus Onset

1-1.5 hrs

Lantus Peak

Minimal

Lantus Duration

22-24 hrs

Toujeo Generic Name

Insulin Glargine

Toujeo Onset

1-1.5 hrs

Toujeo Peak

Minimal

Toujeo Duration

24 hrs

Levemir Generic Name

Insulin Detemir

Levemir Onset

1-2 hrs

Levemir Peak

Minimal

Levemir Duration

18-23 hrs

Tresiba Generic Name

Insulin Degludec

Tresiba Onset

30-90 mins

Tresiba Peak

Minimal

Tresiba Duration

~40 hrs

DKA

Diabetic Ketoacidosis

Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA)

A life-threatening complication of diabetes characterized by metabolic acidosis, hyperglycemia, and ketones in urine.

Conditions linked to Occurance of DKA

Type 1 Diabetes, Illness or Infection, Diabetes with Suboptimal Glycemic Control, Interruption in Therapy

DKA Diagnosis

via Blood Work - Metabolic Acidosis - Hyperglycemia & Ketones in Urine

Type 2 Diabetes Pathophysiology

Pancreas is able to produce insulin, but the body becomes resistant to use regulating blood glucose levels.

Risk Factors for Type 2 Diabetes

Obesity, Inactivity, Genetics, Age, Ethnicity

Additional Risk Factors for Type 2 Diabetes

High blood pressure, high fat and cholesterol levels, overweight, smoking, sedentary lifestyle

Medication: Metformin

Increases insulin sensitivity.

Medication: Sulfonylureas

Increase insulin production in the pancreas (e.g., Glipizide)

Medication: SGLT 2 Inhibitors

Removes excess glucose in the blood through urine: Dapagliflozin (Farxiga), Empagliflozin (Jardiance).

Medication: GLP-1 Agonist

Slows digestion to lower blood glucose (e.g., Semaglutide, Tirzepatide).

Medication: DPP-4 Inhibitors

Helps the body increase insulin production. Example: Sitagliptin (Januvia).

Medications: Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors

Slows down absorption of carbohydrates (e.g., Acrabose).

Microvascular Complications of Diabetes

Eye (Retinopathy, cataracts, glaucoma), Kidney (Nephropathy), Neuropathy (nerve damage)

Macrovascular Complications of Diabetes

Brain (Stroke, cerebrovascular disease), Heart (Coronary heart disease), Extremities (Peripheral vascular disease)

Diabetes: Eye Complications

High blood glucose and high blood pressure can damage eye blood vessels, causing retinopathy, cataracts, and glaucoma.

Diabetes: Kidney Complications

High blood pressure damages small blood vessels, and excess blood glucose overworks the kidneys, resulting in nephropathy.

Diabetes: Brain Complications

Increased risk of stroke and cerebrovascular disease, including transient ischemic attack and cognitive impairment.

Diabetes: Heart Complications

High blood pressure and insulin resistance increase the risk of coronary heart disease.

Diabetes: Neuropathy

Hyperglycemia damages nerves in the peripheral nervous system, resulting in pain, numbness, and potential foot wounds that may lead to gangrene.

Diabetes: Extremities Complications

Peripheral vascular disease results from narrowing of blood vessels, increasing the risk for reduced blood flow in legs, slow-healing foot wounds, and gangrene.

Microvascular

Damage to small blood vessels due to diabetes, affecting organs like the eyes and kidneys.

Macrovascular

Damage to large blood vessels due to diabetes, affecting organs like the heart and brain.

Retinopathy

Damage to the blood vessels in the retina, leading to vision impairment.

Nephropathy

Damage to the kidneys due to diabetes, potentially leading to kidney failure.

Neuropathy (diabetes)

Nerve damage caused by diabetes, resulting in pain, numbness, or tingling, especially in the hands and feet.

Peripheral Vascular Disease (PVD)

A condition caused by narrowing of the blood vessels, reducing blood flow to the limbs.

Cataracts

Clouding of the lens of the eye, which can occur more frequently and earlier in people with diabetes.

Glaucoma

A group of eye conditions that damage the optic nerve, which can be exacerbated by diabetes.

Stroke

A condition caused by interruption of blood flow to the brain, leading to brain damage.

Coronary Heart Disease

A condition in which the heart's blood supply is reduced or blocked, often due to a buildup of plaque in the arteries.

Gangrene

Death of tissue due to a lack of blood supply, often a complication of diabetes, especially in the feet.

Hyperglycemia

High blood sugar

Hypoglycemia

Low blood sugar

A1C Test

A blood test that reflects average blood sugar levels over the past 2-3 months.

Glycemic Control

Maintaining blood glucose levels within a target range.

Insulin Resistance

A condition in which cells do not respond normally to insulin, making it harder for glucose to enter the cells.

Obesity (Type 2 Diabetes)

Considered a risk factor for type 2 diabetes.

Inactivity (Type 2 Diabetes)

Considered a risk factor for type 2 diabetes.

Genetics (Type 2 Diabetes)

Considered a risk factor for type 2 diabetes.

Age (Type 2 Diabetes)

Considered a risk factor for type 2 diabetes.

Ethnicity (Type 2 Diabetes)

Considered a risk factor for type 2 diabetes.

First-degree relative

Parent, sibling, or child.

First-degree relative

Parent, sibling, or child.

First-degree relative

Parent, sibling, or child.

First-degree relative

Parent, sibling, or child.

First-degree relative

Parent, sibling, or child.