Intergroup helping Researchers

Nadler (2002)

Two types of helping: dependency-oriented, autonomy-oriented

Nadler (2006)

Helping relations are inherently unequal

Tauber (2010)

3 motives for in-groups helping out-groups: power, meaning, impression formation

Van Leeuwen (2007)

Meaning - appealing to Dutch pride more effective to motivate helping for Dutch high-identifiers

Jonas (2002)

Scrooge effect, meaning, want to think their group is needed

Tomasello (2006)

Born predisposed to help others

Batson (1983)

Emphatic concern, empathy-altruism link, shocking confederate

Cialdini (1997)

Selfish motivations, feel bad if they don’t help

Other variables like perceived one-ness

Concern for in-group was accidentally tested in this study as all ppt are students

Methodological issues - how would you act if told to read note leaving out emotion, or read focusing on emotion

Cikara (2011)

Lack of empathy is a sign of intergroup failing

Kogut (2007)

Tsunami, named all victims, participants gave more to ingroup

Small (2007)

Told participants about identifiable victim explanation, they became less pro-social, gave less money to everyone

Jenni (1997)

IVE explained by proportion of effect perceived

Erlandsson (2015)

Argues IVE is due to vividness

Lee (2017)

Emotions play a big role in IVE, manipulating emotions increased helping

Basil (2006)

Guilt strongest effect, replicated and found guilt mediated empathy

James (2017)

In-group perpetrator and in-group victim = most generous and most empathy

Clark (2002)

When told overall donation amount no change in donation, when told others individual donation it led to more donations

Fehr (2002)

Not donating in cooperation game led to punishment and negative evaluation from other participants

Petri (2004)

Participants increased donations by 59% if their identity was visible

Barclay (2004)

Making large donations is a sign of political leadership and positive evaluations

Grace (2006)

Participants give more when wearing charity ribbons

West (2004)

Conspicuous compassion

Alpizar (2008)

Donors give more when with friends vs alone - critical thinking

Zagefka (2017)

Not that we help outgroups less we just help them for different reasons