AP Psych 5.2: Psychological Disorders

Psychological disorder

Pattern of thoughts, feelings, or behaviors that are deviant, distressing, and dysfunctional.

Medical model

View that psychological disorders are caused by biological dysfunctions that can be diagnosed and treated.

Diathesis-stress model

Theory that disorders result from genetic vulnerability triggered by environmental stress.

Epigenetics

Study of how environment influences gene expression without changing DNA.

DSM-5-TR

Manual used to diagnose and classify psychological disorders.

Anxiety disorders

Disorders involving excessive fear, worry, or avoidance.

Social anxiety disorder

Intense fear of social situations due to fear of judgment or embarrassment.

Generalized anxiety disorder

Chronic excessive worry about many life areas.

Panic disorder

Sudden episodes of intense fear with physical symptoms like heart racing.

Agoraphobia

Fear of situations where escape may be difficult or help unavailable.

Specific phobia

Intense irrational fear of a specific object or situation.

Obsessive-compulsive disorder

Disorder involving obsessions (intrusive thoughts) and compulsions (repetitive behaviors).

Hoarding disorder

Persistent difficulty discarding possessions leading to clutter and distress.

Posttraumatic stress disorder

Disorder triggered by trauma involving flashbacks, avoidance, and hyperarousal.

Trauma- and stressor-related disorder

Category of disorders triggered by traumatic events.

Depressive disorder

Disorders involving persistent sadness and loss of interest.

Bipolar disorder

Disorder involving alternating episodes of depression and mania.

Bipolar 1

Bipolar disorder with full manic episodes.

Mania

Period of extremely elevated mood, energy, and impulsive behavior.

Bipolar 2

Bipolar disorder with hypomania and major depressive episodes.

Major depressive disorder

Severe persistent depression with impaired functioning.

Persistent depressive disorder

Chronic mild depression lasting at least two years.

Rumination

Repetitive focus on negative thoughts and feelings.

Schizophrenia spectrum disorders

Disorders involving distorted thinking, perception, and behavior.

Psychotic disorders

Disorders involving loss of contact with reality.

Delusions

Strongly held false beliefs despite evidence against them.

Chronic schizophrenia

Long-term schizophrenia with persistent symptoms.

Acute schizophrenia

Short-term schizophrenia episode with better recovery potential.

Dissociative disorders

Disorders involving disruption in memory, identity, or consciousness.

Dissociative identity disorder

Presence of two or more distinct identities.

Dissociative amnesia

Inability to recall important personal information.

Personality disorders

Maladaptive, inflexible personality patterns causing impairment.

Antisocial personality disorder

Pattern of disregard for others, lack of empathy, and rule-breaking behavior.

Feeding and eating disorders

Disorders involving disturbed eating behavior and body image.

Anorexia nervosa

Extreme restriction of food intake leading to dangerously low body weight.

Bulimia nervosa

Binge eating followed by compensatory behaviors like purging.

Neurodevelopmental disorders

Disorders that begin in childhood and affect brain development.

Autism spectrum disorder

Disorder involving social communication deficits and restricted behaviors.

ADHD

Disorder involving inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity.

Deinstitutionalization

Movement to release psychiatric patients from hospitals into community care.