Test 2 Anatomy

Carpometacarpal joints

Metacarpalphalangeal joints

Pollux

Thumb

Proximal interphalangeal joints

Distal interphalangeal joints

Metacarpophalangeal ligaments

Interphalangeal ligaments

Volar plate

Prevents hyperextension

Median nerve

Innervates some flexors, pronators and intrinsics, provides sensation to the lateral 3 1/2 fingers

Ulnar nerve

Innervates some flexors, intrinsics, provides sensation to the medial 1 1/2 fingers

Synovial sheath

Covers the tendons in the fingers

Annular and cruciate ligaments

Hold flexor tendons onto the bones

Thenar muscles

Opponens pollicis, abductor pollicis brevis, flexor pollicis brevis

Opponens pollicis

Opposes the thumb

Abductor pollicis brevis

Abducts the thumb

Flexor pollicis brevis

Flexes the thumb

Hypothenar muscles

Opponens digiti minimi, abductor digiti minimi, flexor digiti minimi

Opponens digiti minimi

Opposes the little finger

Abductor digiti minimi

Abducts the little finger

Flexor digiti minimi

Flexes the little finger

Interossei

Dorsal abduct, palmar adduct

Lumbricals

Flex metacarpophalangeal joints, extend interphalangeal joints

Capitulum

Lateral condyle of the humerus

Trochlea

Medial condyle of the humerus

Medial epicondyle of the humerus

Lateral epicondyle of the humerus

Olecranon process

Olecranon fossa

Elbow extension

Elbow flexion

Radial collateral ligament

Annular ligament

Ulnar collateral ligament

Cubital fossa

Contents of the cubital fossa

Brachial artery and vein, median nerve

Borders of the cubital fossa

Brachioradialis and pronator teres

Cubital tunnel

Contents of cubital tunnel

Ulnar nerve

Triceps brachii

Extends elbow

Biceps brachii

Flexes elbow

Brachialis

Flexes elbow

Brachioradialis

Flexes elbow

Proximal radio-ulnar joint

Distal radio-ulnar joint

Supinator

Supinates forearm

Forearm supination

Forearm pronation

Pronator teres

Pronates forearm

Pronator quadratis

Pronates forearm

Radius

Ulna

Scaphoid

Lunate

Triquetrum

Pisiform

Hamate

Capitate

Trapazoid

Trapezium

Metacarpals

Phalanges

Wrist flexion

Wrist extension

Radial deviation of the wrist

Ulnar deviation

Extensor carpi radialis longus

Extends wrist

Extensor carpi radialis brevis

Extends wrist

Extensor carpi ulnaris

Extends wrist

Extensor digitorum

Extends four fingers

Abductor pollicis longus

Abducts thumb

Extensor pollicis brevis

Extends thumb

Extensor pollicis longus

Extends thumb

Flexor carpi ulnaris

Flexes wrist

Flexor carpi radialis

Flexes wrist

Flexor digitorum superficialis

Flexes fingers

Flexor digitorum profundus

Flexes fingers

Flexor pollicis longus

Flexes thumb

Muscles that flex the elbow

Biceps brachii, brachialis, brachioradialis

Muscles that extend the elbow

Triceps brachii

Muscles that supinate the forearm

Supinator, biceps brachii

Muscles that pronate the forearm

Pronator teres, pronator quadratus

Muscles that extend the wrist

Extensor carpi ulnaris, extensor carpi radialis longus and brevis

Muscles that extend the fingers

Extensor digitorum

Muscles that extend the thumb

Extensor pollicis longus, extensor pollicis brevis

Muscles that flex the wrist

Flexor carpi ulnaris, flexor carpi radialis

Muscles that flex the fingers

Flexor digitorum superficialis, flexor digitorum profundus

Contents of the carpal tunnel

Median nerve and extrinsic flexor muscles

intrinsic

both originates and inserts in the foot

Foot/ankle functions

Allows stability (lever) and mobility (shock absorption)

Metatarsophalangeal joints

Joints between metatarsals and the phalanges. Ball of the foot

Talocrural joint

Synovial hinge joint between the talus and distal end of tibia and fibula (medial and lateral malleolus)

talocrurual joint function

provides stability due to large area of bone contacts, the shape, and collateral ligaments.

Inversion

Sole of foot facing upwards medially

Eversion

sole of foot facing upwards laterally (outwards)

Deltoid ligaments

Span from navicular bone to the talus.

Support the talocrural joint

Can be damaged by eversion injury. (rolling sole of foot outwards)

What supports the foot in the longitudinal arch superficially?

Plantar fascia/aponeurosis

What supports the foot in the longitudinal arch deeply?

Long and short ligaments, spring ligament, and anterior/posterior/lateral msucle compartments of the leg

How do muscles in the leg support the longitudinal arch of the foot?

Tibularis anterior and tibularis posterior pull upwards to hold up and medially support the arch.

Fibularis longus from lateral side reaches under the lateral side of the foot, extending its tendons to the medial side of the foot (to the medial cuneiform and first metatarsal)

Transverse arch of the foot

Arch is formed due to wedge-shaped metatarsals, which prevent falling downwards when there is weight/forces from above

Where is the tarsal tunnel located?

Between medial malleolus and the calcaneus