GI 101-150

What does the mucosa of the GI tract contain?

Epithelium, mucus-secreting cells, and connective tissue.

Which muscle layer is responsible for peristalsis?

Circular and longitudinal smooth muscle layers.

What increases GI motility and secretions?

Parasympathetic (vagus nerve) stimulation.

Which hormone stimulates gallbladder contraction?

Cholecystokinin (CCK).

Which hormone decreases gastric secretions?

Secretin.

What enzyme begins carbohydrate digestion?

Salivary amylase.

Where is intrinsic factor produced?

Stomach.

Where is Vitamin B12 absorbed?

Ileum.

Where does most water absorption occur?

Small intestine.

What is the function of resident normal flora in the large intestine?

Breakdown food & synthesize vitamin K.

What type of vitamin requires bile for absorption?

Vitamins A, D, E, K.

Neural control of the salivary glands is maintained by?

CN VII & CN IX.

What does the enterogastric reflex cause?

Inhibition of gastric emptying.

What causes the stomach to empty 2-6 hours after a meal?

Peristaltic contractions controlled by PNS.

Which enzyme digests proteins in the stomach?

Pepsin.

Where is aspirin primarily absorbed?

Stomach.

What does the small intestine not produce?

Pepsin.

How does water absorption in the GI tract occur mainly?

Osmosis.

What does severe vomiting result in?

Metabolic alkalosis.

What does diarrhea result in?

Metabolic acidosis.

What is tenesmus?

Persistent urge to defecate even when colon is empty.

What is a burning pain that worsens with an empty stomach usually?

Duodenal ulcer.

What is projectile vomiting in an infant related to?

Pyloric stenosis.

What results from food lodged in a hiatal hernia?

Inflammation and reflux.

What is the major complication of a rolling (paraesophageal) hernia?

Strangulation of the stomach.

Where do aphthous ulcers typically occur?

Movable mucosa (buccal mucosa, tongue edges, floor of mouth).

What microorganism is associated with aphthous ulcers?

Streptococcus sanguis.

Who is thrush most common in?

Immunocompromised or broad-spectrum antibiotic users.

How does oral candidiasis appear?

White curdlike plaques that can scrape off.

What activates herpes simplex type 1?

Stress, illness, or trauma.

What are syphilis oral lesions in the primary stage?

Painless chancres.

What do dental caries begin when bacteria produce?

Lactic acid that erodes enamel.

What commonly causes gingivitis?

Plaque accumulation and poor oral hygiene.

What occurs when periodontitis develops?

Bacteria invade gingival blood vessels and bone.

What is an early sign of esophageal cancer?

Difficulty swallowing (dysphagia).

What does achalasia cause?

LES failure to relax → food stasis.

What does a rolling (paraesophageal) hernia increase the risk of?

Strangulated stomach tissue.

What is the primary cause of GERD?

Weak lower esophageal sphincter.

What can GERD lead to over time?

Esophagitis and scar tissue.

What commonly causes acute gastritis?

Alcohol, NSAIDs, or infection.

What does chronic gastritis lead to loss of?

Intrinsic factor & secretory glands.

What are stress ulcers associated with?

Severe trauma, burns, or sepsis.

What might be the first sign of stress ulcers?

Hemorrhage.

What causes nausea?

Stimuli in the digestive tract, vestibular system, and brain.

What does recurrent vomiting of undigested food indicate?

Gastric outlet obstruction or gastroparesis.

What does "coffee-ground" vomitus mean?

Blood was exposed to stomach acid.

What causes large-volume (secretory) diarrhea?

Massive electrolyte/fluid secretion into intestine—often infection.

What is small-volume diarrhea typical of?

Inflammatory bowel disease.

What can worsen constipation?

Opiates and immobility.

What may chronic constipation result in?

Hemorrhoids or diverticulitis.