GI 101-150
Digestive Anatomy, Physiology, Enzymes, Hormones, Controls
101. The mucosa of the GI tract contains which of the following?
A. Blood vessels and nerves
B. Lymphatic bundles only
C. Epithelium, mucus-secreting cells, and connective tissue
D. Muscular tissue
Answer: C
102. What muscle layer is responsible for peristalsis?
A. Subserosal
B. Circular and longitudinal smooth muscle layers
C. Serosal
D. Gastric sphincter
Answer: B
103. Which of the following increases GI motility and secretions?
A. Sympathetic stimulation
B. Histamine blockers
C. Parasympathetic (vagus nerve) stimulation
D. Antidiarrheals
Answer: C
104. Which hormone stimulates gallbladder contraction?
A. Gastrin
B. Secretin
C. Cholecystokinin (CCK)
D. Cortisol
Answer: C
105. Which hormone decreases gastric secretions?
A. Secretin
B. Gastrin
C. Histamine
D. Renin
Answer: A
106. What enzyme begins carbohydrate digestion?
A. Pepsin
B. Trypsin
C. Lipase
D. Salivary amylase
Answer: D
107. Intrinsic factor is produced in the:
A. Ileum
B. Liver
C. Stomach
D. Large intestine
Answer: C
108. Vitamin B12 is absorbed in the:
A. Jejunum
B. Ileum
C. Duodenum
D. Stomach
Answer: B
109. Most water absorption occurs in the:
A. Stomach
B. Large intestine
C. Small intestine
D. Esophagus
Answer: C
110. What is the function of resident normal flora in the large intestine?
A. Produce insulin
B. Aid in protein digestion
C. Breakdown food & synthesize vitamin K
D. Increase gastric acid
Answer: C
111. What type of vitamin requires bile for absorption?
A. Vitamin C
B. Vitamin B12
C. Vitamins A, D, E, K
D. Vitamin B6
Answer: C
112. Neural control of the salivary glands is maintained by:
A. Vagus nerve
B. CN VII & CN IX
C. CN X & XI
D. Sympathetic chain only
Answer: B
113. The enterogastric reflex causes:
A. Increased gastric emptying
B. More peristalsis
C. Stimulation of bile release
D. Inhibition of gastric emptying
Answer: D
114. What causes the stomach to empty 2–6 hours after a meal?
A. Passive diffusion
B. Gravity
C. Peristaltic contractions controlled by PNS
D. Hepatic control
Answer: C
115. Which enzyme digests proteins in the stomach?
A. Gastrin
B. Pepsinogen
C. Trypsin
D. Pepsin
Answer: D
116. Aspirin is absorbed primarily in the:
A. Large intestine
B. Stomach
C. Pancreas
D. Colon
Answer: B
117. The small intestine produces all of the following EXCEPT:
A. Sucrase
B. Maltase
C. Cholecystokinin
D. Pepsin
Answer: D
118. Water absorption in the GI tract occurs mainly through:
A. Active transport
B. Facilitated diffusion
C. Filtration
D. Osmosis
Answer: D
119. Severe vomiting results in:
A. Hyperkalemia
B. Hematemesis only
C. Metabolic alkalosis
D. Respiratory alkalosis
Answer: C
120. Diarrhea results in:
A. Metabolic alkalosis
B. Metabolic acidosis
C. Respiratory alkalosis
D. Respiratory acidosis
Answer: B
121. Tenesmus is:
A. Passing black stools
B. Persistent urge to defecate even when colon is empty
C. Vomiting bile
D. Pain during swallowing
Answer: B
122. A burning pain that worsens with an empty stomach is usually:
A. Hepatitis
B. Cholecystitis
C. Duodenal ulcer
D. IBS
Answer: C
123. Projectile vomiting in an infant is related to:
A. Celiac disease
B. Pyloric stenosis
C. Crohn’s disease
D. Ulcerative colitis
Answer: B
124. Food lodged in a hiatal hernia results in:
A. Increased bile production
B. Smooth swallowing
C. Inflammation and reflux
D. Gastric atrophy
Answer: C
125. The major complication of rolling (paraesophageal) hernia is:
A. Rapid gastric emptying
B. Heartburn only
C. Strangulation of the stomach
D. Aspiration pneumonia
Answer: C
126. Aphthous ulcers typically occur on:
A. Hard palate
B. Gingiva
C. Movable mucosa (buccal mucosa, tongue edges, floor of mouth)
D. Tooth enamel
Answer: C
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127. What microorganism is associated with aphthous ulcers?
A. H. pylori
B. Candida
C. HSV-1
D. Streptococcus sanguis
Answer: D
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128. Thrush is most common in:
A. Smokers
B. Elderly
C. Immunocompromised or broad-spectrum antibiotic users
D. IBS patients
Answer: C
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129. Oral candidiasis appears as:
A. Red patches only
B. White curdlike plaques that can scrape off
C. Brown nodules
D. Black, tarry patches
Answer: B
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130. Herpes simplex type 1 becomes active due to:
A. High-fiber diet
B. Iron deficiency
C. Excess hydration
D. Stress, illness, or trauma
Answer: D
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131. Syphilis oral lesions in the primary stage:
A. Bleed easily
B. Are painful
C. Are painless chancres
D. Contain pus
Answer: C
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132. Dental caries begin when bacteria produce:
A. Bile
B. Pepsin
C. Lactic acid that erodes enamel
D. Mucus
Answer: C
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133. Gingivitis is commonly caused by:
A. Viral infection
B. Plaque accumulation and poor oral hygiene
C. High-fiber diet
D. Food allergies
Answer: B
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134. Periodontitis occurs when:
A. Viral pathogens enter teeth
B. Bacteria invade gingival blood vessels and bone
C. Kidneys fail
D. Bile is overproduced
Answer: B
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135. An early sign of esophageal cancer is:
A. Severe bleeding
B. Fever
C. Difficulty swallowing (dysphagia)
D. Vomiting blood
Answer: C
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136. Achalasia causes:
A. Overproduction of saliva
B. LES failure to relax → food stasis
C. Increased stomach acid
D. Stomach dilation
Answer: B
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137. A rolling (paraesophageal) hernia increases risk of:
A. Vomiting
B. Strangulated stomach tissue
C. Diarrhea
D. Constipation
Answer: B
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138. The primary cause of GERD is:
A. High albumin
B. Enlarged spleen
C. Weak lower esophageal sphincter
D. Parasite infection
Answer: C
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139. Over time, GERD can cause:
A. Increased stomach size
B. Appendicitis
C. Esophagitis and scar tissue
D. Goiter
Answer: C
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140. Acute gastritis commonly results from:
A. Lack of vitamin D
B. Low cholesterol
C. Alcohol, NSAIDs, or infection
D. High protein diet
Answer: C
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141. Chronic gastritis leads to loss of:
A. Bile production
B. Intrinsic factor & secretory glands
C. Oral enzymes
D. Lipase
Answer: B
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142. Stress ulcers are associated with:
A. IBS flare
B. High fiber diet
C. Severe trauma, burns, or sepsis
D. Parasite infection
Answer: C
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143. The first sign of stress ulcers may be:
A. Vomiting mucus
B. Hemorrhage
C. Fever
D. Diarrhea
Answer: B
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144. Nausea is caused by stimuli in the:
A. Pancreas
B. Spinal cord
C. Digestive tract, vestibular system, and brain
D. Colon
Answer: C
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145. Recurrent vomiting of undigested food indicates:
A. Liver failure
B. IBS
C. Gastric outlet obstruction or gastroparesis
D. Celiac disease
Answer: C
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146. “Coffee-ground” vomitus means:
A. Bile is present
B. Blood was exposed to stomach acid
C. Pancreatitis
D. Infection
Answer: B
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147. Large-volume (secretory) diarrhea is caused by:
A. Excess fiber
B. IBS
C. Massive electrolyte/fluid secretion into intestine—often infection
D. Fecal impaction
Answer: C
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148. Small-volume diarrhea is typical of:
A. Celiac disease
B. IBS
C. Inflammatory bowel disease
D. Hiatal hernia
Answer: C
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149. Constipation can be worsened by:
A. High water intake
B. Probiotics
C. Opiates and immobility
D. Exercise
Answer: C
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150. Chronic constipation may result in:
A. Appendicitis
B. Hepatitis
C. Gastric ulcers
D. Hemorrhoids or diverticulitis
Answer: D