Lecture 1 - Cells: The Fundamental Units of Life (EXAM 1)

-appearance

-function

What do cells vary in?

basic chemistry

What do all living cells have similarity in?

self-replicating collections of catalysts

What are living cells?

form, function, and behavior of cells and organisms

What do genes provide instructions for?

a single nerve cell

What is this?

-protozoan, single-celled organism (paramecium)

-swims by beating cilia that covers its surface

What is this and how does it swim?

multiple tightly packed cells of snapdragon flower petal

What is this?

-macrophage

-spreads itself out to search for invading microorganisms

What is this and what does it do?

fission yeast cell dividing into two cells

What is this?

Fission

cell dividing into two daughter cells

genetic information flows from DNA to RNA (transcription) and from RNA to protein (translation)

What is the hierarchy that is known as the Central Dogma?

Transcription

DNA to RNA

Translation

RNA to Protein

sequence of nucleotides in a particular segment of DNA (a gene)

In the Central Dogma, what is transcribed into an RNA molecule?

linear sequence of amino acids of a protein

After the sequence of nucleotides in a particular segment of DNA (a gene) are transcribed into an RNA molecule, what is it translated into?

an autocatalytic process

What type of process is life?

sequence formation

What do DNA and RNA provide in the Central Dogma?

to produce proteins and to copy themselves

What is the sequence information that DNA and RNA provide used for?

catalytic activity

What do proteins provide for the Central Dogma?

to synthesize DNA, RNA, and proteins

What is the catalytic activity of the Central Dogma used for?

new DNA, RNA, and proteins are manufactured in cells

What does the biochemical processes of the Central Dogma represent?

self-replicating system that endows living cells with their ability to reproduce

What do the feedback loops of the Central Dogma create?

nucleotides

What are the subunits of DNA and RNA?

amino acids

What are the subunits of proteins?

Nucleus

stores almost all genetic information of the cell

nucleus

What is the brown structure?

nuclear envelope

What is the green structure?

cytoplasm (interior of the cell outside the nucleus)

What is the white structure?

when a cell is about to divide

When do chromosomes become visible?

condensed chromosomes

What are the black lines in the nucleus?

wormlike chromosomes

As a eukaryotic cell prepares to divide, its DNA molecules becomes progressively more compacted (condensed), forming what?

using a light microscope

How are chromosomes distinguished in a cell?

nuclear envelope has broken down

What is happening in preparation for the chromosomes to move into position for cell division?

Mitochondria

generate usable energy from food molecules

extensive infolding of the inner membrane

What does this electron micrograph of the mitochondria reveal?

-smooth outer membrane

-highly convoluted inner membrane

What type of membrane does mitochondria have?

most of the proteins

What does the inner membrane contain that is responsible for energy production in eukaryotic cells?

to provide large surface area for energy production

Why is the mitochondria inner membrane highly folded?

Chloroplasts

capture energy from sunlight

many green chloroplasts

What does this single cell isolated from a leaf of a flowering plant have?

-inner membrane

-outer membrane

-chlorophyll-containing membranes

What does the structure of a chloroplast include?

Chlorophyll-Containing Membranes

highly folded system of internal membranes containing the green chlorophyll molecules that absorb light energy

continual endocytosis and exocytosis

What do eukaryotic cells engage in across their plasma membrane?

endocytosis

What do cells import extracellular materials by?

exocytosis

What do cells secrete intracellular materials by?

membrane-enclosed organelles called endosomes

Where is endocytosed material first delivered to?

golgi apparatus

Where do materials that will be exported by exocytosis go before exiting the cell?

Cytoskeleton

a network of protein filaments that can be seen crisscrossing the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells

using different fluorescent stains

How can the three major types of filaments of the cytoskeleton be detected?

-actin filaments

-microtubules

-intermediate filaments

What are the three major filaments of the cytoskeleton?

actin filaments

What type of filament is this?

microtubules

What type of filament is this?

intermediate filaments

What type of filament is this?

Microtubules

help segregate the chromosomes in a dividing animal cell; pulls chromosomes apart

Mitotic Spindle

duplicated chromosomes attached to the microtubules

-nuclear envelope breaks down

-DNA condenses into visible chromosomes

-each chromosome duplicates

-forms pair of conjoined chromosomes

What happens when a cell divides?

spindle microtubules

Conjoined chromosomes are pulled apart into separate daughter cells by what?

-actin filaments

-intermediate filaments

-microtubules

What are the sizes of the major filaments in order from smallest to largest?

-worms

-flies

-fish

-mice

What do model animals include?

drosophila melanogaster

What is a favorite model animal among developmental biologists and geneticists?

how all animals develop

What have molecular genetic studies on the drosophila melanogaster (small fly) provided a key understanding of?

-hermaphrodites

-produce both sperm and eggs

What type of worms are most C. elegans and what do they produce?

C. elegans

What was the first multicellular organism to have its complete genome sequenced?

Zebrafish (Danio rerio)

What are easy and cheap to breed and maintain?

developmental studies

What are zebrafish (Danio rerio) ideal for because of their transparent embryos developed outside the mother, making it easy to observe cells moving and changing their characteristics in the living organism as it develops?

developing lymphatic vessels

What does the green fluorescent protein mark in the 2-day-old zebrafish embryo?

developing blood vessels

What does the red fluorescent protein mark in the 2-day-old zebrafish embryo?

comparing genome sequences

What are mice used for as model organisms?