PSC 1800 USU Exam 1

Monocots

one cotyledon, veins usually parallel, vascular bundles usually complexly arranged, adventitious root system, floral parts usually in multiples of three

Plant Binomial

Genus and Species

Genus

Comes first, like last name. Capitalized and always italicized or underlined.

Species (Epithet)

Like first name, never capitalized, but always italicized or underlined.

Hybrid Format

Use an x between genus and species when they are the same genus. (Rosa x hybrida) not italicized is the x. With two different genera the X is caps. And in front of genus name (X Fatshedera)

Meristems

Groups of rapidly dividing cells

apical meristem

Found at growing points or tips of plants

SAM

Shoot apical meristem

Dicots

2 seed leaves, net like leaf venation, ringed Vascular Bundles, flower parts are found in 4s,5s or multiples. Primary and adventitious roots.

plant family

Always Capitalized and either Italicized or underlined. Ends with -aceae.

RAM

root apical meristem

Root Cap

Protective cells that protect RAM

Secondary Meristems

Creates expansion growth, increase size of stems and roots

Gymnosperm

"Naked seeds", such as pine cones and other conifers.

Angiosperm

A flowering plant which forms seeds inside a protective chamber called an ovary.

Elidermis

Skin

Cuticle

A waxy covering on the surface of stems and leaves that keeps water from leaving

Stomata

regulate gas exchange and water loss

Trichomes

Specialized hairs

Suberins

In bark (periderm), repel water and inhibit dehydration. Clot wounds as well

Phloem

Transports sugars. living cells and accompanied by startles of fibers that help to strengthen the tissue (celery)

Xylem

Moves water through plant. When mature, cells are dead.

Tuberous Roots

Carrots, have large store sir starch and other nutrients. Edible

Tubers

Potatoes, modified stems used for storage and overwintering.

Adventitious roots

Grow from non root tissue. Stems leaves or branches.

Holdfasts (adventitious)

Vine roots

Nodes

When leaves and buds emerge on stems

Internodes

Space between nodes

Prop or brace roots (adventitious)

Provide extra support

Alternate Leaf Arrangement

Single leaf and single bud attached at node

opposite leaf arrangement

two buds/leaves per node

whorled leaf arrangement

3 or more leaves per node

Terminal bud

Buds at tips of Shoots

Axillary Buds

Found at each node

Corms

Modified stems used for storage and overwintering

Bulbs

Modified Stems, leaf tissue swollen with starch and storage reserves

Rhizomes/Stolons

horizontal stems for spreading growth

Runners

Plant stems that run above and along the ground and form a new plant near the main plant.

crowns

Form near soil surface and slowly expand overtime

Spurs

Short modified stems where fruit trees produce flowers and fruit

Tendrils

Help Vines grasp and climb

Leaf Blade

Main green part

Leaf Apex

Tip of leaf

Leaf Petiole

Stalk connecting leaf to stem

Axil Angle

Angle between Petiole and Stem

Midrib

the vein in the center of a leaf

Leaf margin

The characteristics of the leaf edge

Simple Leaves

Blade of lead is all connected in one piece

Compound leaves

blade is divided into leaflets

Palmate Venation

Major veins in the leaf all branch from a central point. 3-7 of equal proportion with smaller ones off of it. maple

pinnate venation

Midrib with veins that branch out. beech

Pinnately Compound

leaflets arising from along both sides of the rachis

palmately compound

leaflets radiate from one central point

Bracts

Modified leaves that look like petals

Complete Flower

Has calyx, corolla, stamens and pistil

Incomplete Flower

A flower in which one or more of either Calyx, Corolla, pistol, Stamens are gone. If has bracts, incomplete.

Perfect

Have both stamen and pistil

Imperfect

Missing either stamen or pistil

Regular

Radial Symmetry

Irregular Flowers

bilateral symmetry

Solitary inflorescence

single flower

spike inflorescence

Multiple blooms along single axis (Lavender)

Racemes inflorescence

Like spikes but blooms are on a stalk

Cymes inflorescence

Central bloom "king flower" is largest and strongest (apples)

Corymbs inflorescence

Outer blooms open first, lantana

panicle inflorescence

Combo of Spikes or Racemes or cymes or corymbs

umbels inflorescence

All branches come from the same location. Others bloom first

capitulum inflorescence

Many flowers fused together to look solitary (Sunflower)

Multiple Fruits

Multiple flowers fused together, pineapple

Aggregate Fruits

One flower with many ovaries. Strawberries,

Simple fruit

Blueberries, one seed and pulpy flesh

Pepo Fruit

Specialize berry that develops a thick hard rind. watermelon and squash fruits

Hesperidium Fruit

Citrus, leather like peel

Drupes

a fleshy fruit with thin skin and a central stone containing the seed, e.g., a plum, cherry, almond, or olive.

Pomes

have a central, seed-containing core surrounded by a thick layer of flesh

Dehiscent (Dry Fruit)

Naturally break open when mature to disperse seeds

Indehiscent (Dry Fruit)

Hard to open and don't naturally break open

Follicle (Dehiscent)

Breaks open at one seam

Legumes or Pods (Dehiscent Beans)

2 seams

Silique Dehiscent (Brassicaceae Broccoli Fam)

Splits at two seams at maturity

Capsule (Dehiscent)

3 or more seams

Caryopsis

- a one-seeded fruit with the seed united to the pericarp by all sides

Achenes fruit

One seeded fruit in an easily cracked pericarp. Sunflower seeds

Samaras

Winged fruits, helicopters. When two seeded it's a schizocarp

Diploid

2 sets of chromosomes

Haploid

An organism or cell having only one complete set of chromosomes. 1/2

Polyploidy

In plants, the result of an extra set of chromosomes during cell division.

triploid

3 sets of chromosomes. no seeds, manual reproduction

Pollination

The transfer of pollen from male to female stigma

Fertilization

Occurs when a haploid sperm cell from the pollen grain reaches the ovary and combines with the haploid ovule

double fertilization

A mechanism of fertilization in angiosperms, in which one of the sperm cells create an endosperm.

Homozygous

having two identical alleles for a trait RR

Heterozygous

Bb one dominant and one recessive allele

Dioecy (Cross Fertilization)

Plants are either male or female

Dichogamy (Cross-Fertilization)

Male reproductive parts in a flower mature at a different time than the female parts

Pollinizer

True that helps another one pollinize

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