(BSCI 260) Week 5 - Virology & Fungi, Parasites and Protozoa

the characteristic of Obligate Intracellular Parasites, fits who?

viruses

How do Viruses utilize cells?

by hijacking their machinery to produce new viral particles

Are Viruses general or specific?

Specific- for example, bacterial phages attack bacteria only

the Largest virus is as big as the…

smallest bacteria

Definition of Virion

A complete, fully developed viral particle

What are virions composed of?

central core Nucleic Acids surrounded by protein coat

Do Viruses have both form of Nucleic Acid at the SAME time?

no, it is either or with variety like single/ double stranded, linear circular or segmented.

the Viruses capsid protects which structure?

the genetic material

Capsomeres are …

proteins composing the capsid

Virus Envelopes …

are an envelope of lipids, proteins and carbohydrates

Do Naked Viruses have an envelope?

no

Virus spikes are …

Carbohydrate-protein complexes that protect the envelope surface

Is it easy to kill a Virus with an envelope?

yes, because alcohol denature and disolves lipids and proteins.

Polyhedral Viruses examples are

Icosahedron Structure (adenovirus and poliovirus)

Enveloped Helical Virus vs Polyhedral…

EH- Influenza Virus

EP- Herpes Virus

Complex Viruses are

Helical and Polyhedral

Complex virus examples are

Poxviruses and Bacteriophages

Spikes assist viruses to…

attach to a host cell

Viral Species are

groups of viruses sharing genetic information and ecological niche

Capsids are made of

Capsomeres

Cell culture to study calls affected by Viruses are

CPE, Primary Cell Lines, Embryonic Diploid Cell Lines, and Continuous Cell Lines (HeLa)

Can viruses grow on dead cells?

No

Where can animal viruses be grown?

on living animals or in embryonate eggs

Cell Lines mean?

cells from one ancestor and grow in a lab culture

Primary Cell lines

are derived from tissue slices and tend to die after a few generations

Diploid Cells lines

are derived from human embryos and so they can be maintained for about 100 generations

Continuous Cell lines

are transformed cells that can be maintained for an indefinite number of generations

• commonly employed because they are oncogenic

Two Viral Identification methods are

molecular techniques (PCR/RT-PCR), which directly detect viral DNA or RNA, and serological assays (ELISA/antibodies), which identify the host's immune response to the virus.

Are viruses able to do energy production and protein synthesis?

no, they lack enzymes thus they require the host cell

T even phages are

E. coli phages that are double stranded

T even phased are from the bacteriophage family ___

Myoviridae

The function of T even tall fibers is

adhesion

For T even bacteriophages what is the Lytic Cycle?

The lysis and death of a host cell that often uses T even bacteriophages

the 5 steps of the Lytic Cycle is

1. Attachment

2. Penetration (inject viral DNA to host cell)

3. Biosynthesis (hijacking to direct synthesis of viral components)

4. Maturation (viron)

5. Release (virus get booted out)

Lysogenic cycle of Lambda

is where the phages DNA is integrated to the host cells chromosome via recombination _ prophage

the Lysogenic steps are..

1. Infection

2. the two DNA is integration by recombination, becoming a prophage

3. Lysogenic bacterium reproduces normally (binary fission)(DNA is even divided)

4. The viral DNA over time gets booted by another recombination initiating Lytic Cycle

Virus RNA replication vs DNA occurs where

RNA-cytoplasm

nucleus

DNA virus synthesis examples are

Herpes, Papovavirus, Adenovirus, Hepadnaviruses

RNA virus synthesis examples are

Picornaviruses, Toga viruses, Rhabdoviruses, Reoviruses and Retroviruses

Oncogenic Viruses are

viruses capable of producing tumors

The DNA vs RNA oncogenic viruses are

DNA - Adenovirus, Herpesvirus, Poxvirus, Papovaviruses

RNA- Retrovirus

What is unique about Poxviruses?

They ae DNA viruses that do not synthesis in the nucelus

How do plant viruses enter?

through wounds or accompanying invasive parasites like insects

Fungi are

Eukaryotes, they can be either aerobic or anaerobic; mostly decomposers on decaying tissues

Chemoheterobtrophs

obtain carbon and energy from organize sources; derive both their energy and carbon source from the oxidation of organic compounds

Mycology

study of Fungi

Fungal Cell Walls contains

Glucans, mannans, chitin

What are Fungal spores for?

Sexual and asexual reproduction

Molds are ____ fungi

multicellular

Molds are composed of

Hyphae (masses are mycelium)

Septate hyphae

contain cross walls

Coenocytic Hyphae

dont contain septa

Vegative Hyphae

obtain nutrients while aerial hyphae are involved with reproduction; obtain via absorbing the medium

the whole body of fungal mold is the

Thallus

Aerial Hyphae

specialized, filamentous structures produced by fungi and filamentous bacteria

Yeasts are ____ fungi

Unicellular (non filamentous)

Yeasts reproduce

asexually via budding

Dimorphism refers to

2 morphologies; meaning they are of the same species but are built different.

The Dimorphism for yeast and mold are?

Yeast is 37 degrees celsius and Mold at 25 degrees celsius

Asexual spores are produce via

mitrosis ad cell division; formed by the hyphae of one organism

Conidiospore are

not enclosed in a sac

Arthroconidia are

fragmentation of septate hyphae; chunks fall out

Blastoconidia are

buds of parent cells

Chlamydocondium are

spores within a hyphal segment

Sporangiospore are

enclosed in a sac

Sexual spores reproduce

via Meiosis a.k.a fusion of nuclei from opposite mating strains and they develop haploid Nuclei (sexual spores)

Examples of Sexual Spores

Zygospores, Ascospores, Basidospores

How are Fungi classified?

by their observed type sexual reproduction

Deuteromycetes…

consist of fungi whose sexual reproduction have not ben

the 4 classification of fungi based on sexual reproduction are

Deuteromyctes, Zygomycetes, Ascomycetes, and Basidiomycetes.

Fungal Diseases (Mycoses) Systemic Mycoses are

deep within the body

Fungal Diseases (Mycoses) Subcutaneous Mycoses are

Beneath the skin

Fungal Diseases (Mycoses) Superficial Mycoses are

Localized, outer layers of the skin and hair

Fungal Diseases (Mycoses) Cutaneous Mycoses are

Affect the hair skin and nails

Fungal Diseases (Mycoses) Opportunistic Mycoses are

caused by normal microbiota or fungi that are normally present

The most medically importnt fungi are found in the ___

deuteromycetes

A complete fully developed viral particle

Virion

When phage DNA integrates within the bacterial chromosome by recombination it is called a

Prophage

Pocks (or clear spaces) formed by bacteriophage in a confluent culture of bacteria growing on plating media are referred to as

Plaques

The lysogenic cycle of bacteriophage multiplication is observed with

Bacteriophage Lambda

A complex virus that attacks bacteria (general term)

a Bacteriophage

Creutzfelt-Jakob disease and Kuru are caused by

Prions

Carbohydrate-protein complexes that project from the surface of enveloped viruses such as Influenza virus, are referred to as

Spikes

Multiplication of RNA viruses occurs where within the host cell?

Cytoplasm

Ebola virus and Rabies virus are examples of what basic type of viral structure?

Helical

Cell lines composed of transformed cells that can be maintained through an indefinite number of generations are referred to as________________ cell lines

Continous

The individual proteins composing the outer protein coat of a virus particle are known as

Capsomeres

Infectious pieces of RNA that cause certain plant diseases such as potato spindle tuber disease are known as

Viroids

Morphological changes observed in virus-infected cultured cells is referred to as;

Cytopathic effects

The only RNA viruses that are oncogenic are in which group?

Retrovirus

Viral DNA replication as seen in the biosynthesis of DNA viruses occurs in the host cell’s

nucleus

Infection with a lytic bacteriophage results in lysis and death of the bacterial host cell and is observed with

T-even bacteriophage

Prions are responsible for large vacuoles that develop in brain tissue. These neurological diseases are referred to as

Spongiform Encephalopathies

The protein coat of a virus particle

Capsid

An example of a continuous cell line used to culture viruses

HeLa Cells

The form of Coccidioides immitis found in the lung of humans is referred to as the_______

Spherule

An example of a sexual fungal spore

Zygospore

The long filamentous structures formed by molds;_______

Hyphae

The definitive host of Malaria

Mosquito

Fungi whose sexual reproduction has not been observed are classified in the class

Deuteromycetes