[104.1] Act 11 - Volatile Oils

Carum carvi Linn. (Apiaceae)

Common name: Caraway

Part used: Seeds (dried fruit)

Uses: Digestive aid, indigestion, irritable bowel syndrome, obesity, constipation

Constituents: D-Carvone, D-Limonene (monoterpenes; volatile oil)

Coriandrum sativum L. (Apiaceae)

Common name: Coriander, cilantro

Part used: Leaves, vegetative parts, seeds, fruits

Uses: Spice; antioxidant, cardiovascular health (hypertension, atherogenic plaque, lowers TAG & cholesterol levels)

Constituents: Ferrulic acid, gallic acid (phenolic acids); esculetin, dicoumarin (coumarins); hyperoside, rutin (flavonoids), carotenoids

Foeniculum vulgare Mill. (Apiaceae)

Common name: Fennel

Part used: Stem, fruit, leaves, seeds

Uses: Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, hepatoprotective

Constituents: Trans-anethole (essential oil), flavonoids, phenolics

Pimpinella anisum L. (Apiaceae)

Common name: Anise

Part used: Seeds, essential oil

Uses: Carminative, antispasmodic, expectorant, antimicrobial; indigestion, galactagouge

Constituents: Trans-anethole, estragole (methyl chavicol), Anisaldehyde, Anisic acid, coumarins, flavonoids, fixed oils

Chrysanthemum indicum L. (Asteraceae)

Common name: Manzanilla

Part used: Leaves, stems, and flowers

Uses: Treatment of Pemphigus; anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antipathogenic

Constituents: Flavonoids, terpenes and terpenoids, phenolics, polysaccharides, carotenoids

Coleus amboinicus Lour. (Lamiaceae)

Common name: Oregano, suganda

Part used: Leaves

Uses: Remedy for cough and respiratory issues; antimicrobial, antioxidant

Constituents: Carvacrol, thymol (monoterpenes; essential oil)

Lavandula angustifolia Miller (Lamiaceae)

Common name: Lavender

Part used: Flowerheads

Uses: Relaxant; antimicrobial, antifungal, and antioxidant

Constituents: Linalool, linalyl acetate, camphor (monotterpenes; essential oils); phenolics, flavonoids

Mentha arvensis L. (Lamiaceae)

Common Name: Yerba buena, mint

Part Used: Leaves

Prescribed DOH Use/s: Analgesic

Uses: Anti-asthmatic (with oregano), antinociceptive, antiseptic, anticancer, diuretic, antispasmodic, antiemintic; indigestion, flatulence

Major Metabolites: Carvone, limonene (terpenes), luteolin derivatives (flavonoids), phenolic acids

Mentha × piperita L. (Lamiaceae)

Common name: Peppermint

Part used: Leaves, flowering tops; essential oils

Uses: Antispasmodic, carminative, analgesic (topical), antimicrobial

Constituents: Menthol, menthone, menthyl acetate, limonene, 1,8-cineole (monoterpenes; essential oils)

Mentha spicata L. (Lamiaceae)

Common name: Spearmint

Part used: Leaves

Uses: Antimicrobial; used in various food and commercial products as flavorant

Constituents: Carvone, limonene (monoterpenes), sesquiterpenes

Ocimum tenuiflorum L. (Lamiaceae)

Common name: Sulasi, Holy Basil

Part used: Leaves

Uses: Adaptogen (for stress relief)

Constituents: Eugenol (monoterpene; essential oil), linoleic acid

Salvia rosmarinus (L.) Schleid (Lamiaceae)

Common name: Rosemary, Rosmero

Part used: Leaves and twigs

Uses: Antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anticomplement, antispasmodic

Constituents: Flavonoids, rosmarinic acids (phenols), monoterpenes (volatile oils), terpenoids

Thymus vulgaris L. (Lamiaceae)

Common name: Thyme

Part used: Leaves, flowers

Uses: Antiseptic, fumigants (disinfectant); respiratory disease, UTI, dyspepsia

Constituents: Thymol, carvacrol, linalool, eugenol (monoterpenes); apigenin (flavonoid), rosmarinic acid (phenolic acid)

Cinnamomum camphora (L.) J. Presl (Lauraceae)

Common name: Camphor

Part used: Leaves, gum, chopped wood

Uses: Aphrodisiac, contraceptive, abortifacient, antiseptic, lactation suppressing, uterotrophic

Constituents: Camphor, linalool (monoterpenes; volatile oils), sesquiterpenes

Cinnamomum loureiroi Nees (Lauraceae)

Common name: Saigon Cinnamon, Vietnamese Cinnamon

Part used: Bark, leaves, timber

Uses: Nutraceutics; antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory

Constituents: (E)-cinnamaldehyde (phenylpropanoid); coumarin, flavonoids, terpenoids, phenolics, alkaloids, tannins, saponins

Cinnamomum mercadoi S.Vidal (Lauraceae)

Common name: Kalingag

Part used: Bark

Uses: Digestive and respiratory issues

Constituents: Cinnamaldehyde, safrole (phenylpropanoids); eugenol (monoterpene)

Cinnamomum sp. (Lauraceae)

Ex: C. zeylanicum Blume or C. verum Presl

Common name: Cinnamon (oil)

Part used: Bark

Uses: Carminative properties, germicide, antibacterial, antibacterial LPS, anti-tumor, anxiolytic, antidepressant, antioxidant

Constituents: Cinnamaldehyde (phenylpropanoid); eugenol, linalool (monoterpenes); clovene (sesquiterpene)

Cinnamomum zeylanicum Blume (Lauraceae)

Syn: Cinnamomum verum J. Presel (Lauraceae)

Common name: Ceylon Cinnamon, “True Cinnamon”

Part used: Dried bark; bark oil

Uses: Carminative, germicide

Constituents: Cinnamaldehyde (phenylpropanoid), eugenol (monoterpene); pinene (hydrocarbons)

Sassafras albidum (Nutt.) Nees (Lauraceae)

Common name: Sassafras

Part used: Leaves, bark, root

Uses: Tea; treatment of eye inflammations, sudorific, relief of insect bites and stings, removal of lice

Constituents: Safrole (phenylpropanoid; essential oil)

Eucalyptus globulus Labill. (Myrtaceae)

Common name: Eucalyptus

Part used: Mature leaves, oil

Uses: Antiseptic; tea for respiratory conditions (cough, bronchitis), dysentery, diabetes, malaria

Constituents: Cineol, pinene, limonene (monoterpenes; volatile/essential oils), sesquiterpenes

Syzygium aromaticum (L.) Merr. & L.M. Perry (Myrtaceae)

Common name: Clove, Eugenol

Part used: (Dried) flower buds

Uses: Tooth decay, halitosis, diarrhea, bowel and liver ailments, nerve stimulant; carminative, warming agent

Constituents: Eugenol, isoeugenol (phenylpropenes); quercetin (flavonol), phenolic acids, hydrolyzable tannins

Piper betle L. (Piperaceae)

Common name: Ikmo, Betle, Betle pepper

Part used: Leaves

Uses: Stimulant, aphrodisiac, digestive/carminative, breath freshener; antiproliferative, anticancer, neuropharmacological, analgesic, antioxidant, antiulcer, hepatoprotective

Constituents: Hydroxychavicol, chavicol (phenols), caryophyllene oxide terpenes, 1,8-cineole eucalyptole (terpenes)

Piper nigrum L. (Piperaceae)

Common name: Black Pepper

Part used: Fruits (seeds); roots, leaves

Uses: Antiseptic, antibacterial, antiemetic; stimulant, expectorant, indigestion, nasal congestion

Constituents: Piperine, pellitorine, guineensine, trichostachine (alkaloids); flavonoids, tannins, terpenes

Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) Stapf (Poaceae)

Common name: Tanglad, Lemongrass

Part used: Leaves, stalks

Uses: Carminative, diaphoretic, analgesic, diuretic; antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory

Constituents: Geraniol, citral, citronellal (monoterpenes); quercetin, kaempferol (flavonoids), tannins, saponins, phenolics

Citrus x limon (L.) Osbeck (Rutaceae)

Common name: Lemon

Part used: Rind or peel (essential oil)

Uses: Digestive aid, cardiovascular health, immunomodulatory; relief, anti-fungal

Constituents: Limonene, pinene (monoterpenes); flavonoids, polymethoxylated flavones

Prunus dulcis (Mill.) D. A. Webb (Rosaceae)

Common name: Almond

Part used: Drupes; kernel and endocarp

Uses: Lowers LDL, maintains HDL cholesterol; anti-colon cancer, glucose regulation

Constituents: Amygdalin (cyanogenic glycoside), flavonoids, phytosterols

Rosa x damascena Herrm. (Rosaceae)

Rosa x centifolia L. (Rosaceae)

Common name: Damask rose (damascena sp.; shown in image), Cabbage rose (centifolia sp.); rose oil

Part used: Petals

Uses: Stress; antiseptic, antispasmodic, and astringent

Constituents: Linalool, citronellol, nerol, geraniol (monoterpenes)

Santalum album L. (Santalaceae)

Common name: White Sandalwood

Part used: Core wood of tree trunk

Uses: Antimicrobial, antiviral, antipsychotic, antihyperglycemic, antihyperlipidemic

Constituents: Santalol, bergamotol (sesquiterpenoids); santalene, bergamotene (sesquiterpenes)

Illicium verum Hook.f. (Schisandraceae)

Common name: Chinese Star Anise

Part used: Fruits (Follicles)

Uses: Starting material (shikimic acid) for Oseltamivir (antiviral)

Constituents: Shikimic acid; trans-anethole, estragole (monoterpene); foeniculin (phenylpropene)

Illicium religiosum Siebold & Zucc. (Schisandraceae)

Common name: Japanese Star Anise

Part used: Fruits (Follicles)

Uses: Poisonous adulterant of Chinese star anise; possible source of shikimic acid

Constituents: Shikimic acid; sikimitoxin, sikimin (neurotoxic sesquiterpene lactones)

Elettaria cardamomum L. (Zingiberaceae)

Common name: Cardamom

Part used: Leaves, seeds

Uses: Carminative, digestive stimulant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antihypertensive, antimutagenic, anticancer

Constituents: α-Terpinyl acetate, 1,8-cineole (monoterpenes; essential oil)