Agrarian Reforms and Economic Nationalism

Flashcards covering the history of agrarian reforms, agricultural laws, and economic nationalist policies from the Spanish colonial period through the post-war era in the Philippines.

Homestead system

A program during the American colonial period where interested persons could apply to acquire public lands on the condition that they reside in and cultivate those lands.

RA No. 34 ($1946$)

A law passed under the Roxas Administration establishing a $70$-$30$ sharing agreement between tenants and landlords and reducing interest rates on landlord's loans to at most $6\%$ .

Huk Rebellion

An insurgency against the Philippine government led by Luis Taruc that raged in the countryside of Central Luzon from $1946$ to $1954$ .

RA No. 3844

The Agricultural Land Reform Code of $1963$ , passed under President Diosdado Macapagal, which replaced the tenancy system with an agricultural leasehold system.

Presidential Decree No. 27

A decree issued by President Ferdinand Marcos in $1972$ distributing tenanted private agricultural lands devoted to rice and corn to tenants, allowing landowners to retain only $7$ hectares.

Mendiola Massacre

An event on January $22$, $1987$, where farmer-protesters were killed by police, bringing public attention to long-standing agrarian troubles.

RA No. 6657

The Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Law of $1988$ which created the Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program (CARP) and authorized an Agrarian Reform Fund of $PHP\,50\text{B}$ .

RA No. 9700

The law that created the Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program Extension with Reforms (CARPER) in $2008$ , extending the original CARP by $5$ more years.

Encomienda system

A system introduced during the Spanish colonial period that assigned land lots to Indio families for the cultivation of crops and raising of animals.

Ley Hipotecaria

The Mortgage Law of $1861$ , also known as the Law on the Inscription of Titles to Immoveable Property, which classified lands and buildings as immoveable properties.

Inquilinos

The land managers of friar estates during the Spanish colonial period.

HUKBALAHAP

An anti-Japanese resistance movement with a peasant mass base in Central Luzon that operated between $1941$ and $1945$ ; also known as the Huk.

Economic Nationalism

A set of practices designed to create, bolster, and protect national economies, emphasizing government intervention in economic affairs.

Parity rights

Provisions within the Bell Trade Act of $1946$ that granted US citizens and corporations equal rights with Filipinos in exploiting natural resources.

Laurel-Langley Agreement

A $1955$ agreement that amended the Bell Trade Act, providing Americans with national treatment in all forms of business enterprises until its expiration in $1975$ .

Filipino First Policy

A policy laid down by President Carlos P. Garcia in $1960$ designed to regain economic independence by prioritizing Filipino products and participation in the economy.

Retail Trade Nationalization Law

A law enacted in $1954$ (taking effect in $1964$ ) which prohibited non-citizens and non-Filipino-owned corporations from engaging in retail business.

Tydings-McDuffie Law

A $1934$ law providing for a $10$-year Commonwealth transition period before the Philippines would be granted absolute independence.

Article XII of the 1935 Constitution

A constitutional provision limiting the ownership and exploitation of natural resources to Filipino citizens or corporations with at least $60\%$ Filipino capital.

Luis Taruc

The leader of the Hukbong Magpapalaya ng Bayan (HMB) who fought against the government before surrendering to President Ramon Magsaysay in $1954$ .

Cavan

A unit of measurement for rice used in the Philippines, equivalent to approximately $75\,\text{kilos}$ .

Colorums and Sakdalistas

Groups that led large-scale peasant uprisings in Luzon during the $1920\text{s}$ and $1930\text{s}$ .

Garchitorena scam

A corruption scandal related to land valuation that served as a challenge to the implementation of the Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Law.