Biology II - Exam 1 Study Set

1. domain

2. kingdom

3. phylum

4. class

5. order

6. family

7. genus

8. species

8 levels of the taxonomic hierarchy

inductive reasoning

a form of logical thinking that uses related observations to arrive at a general conclusion

deductive reasoning

a form of logical thinking that uses a general principle or law to forecast specific results

levels of organization

1. atoms

2. molecules

3. macromolecules

4. organelles

5. cells

6. tissues

7. organs and organ systems

8. organisms, populations, and communities

9. ecosystems

10. biosphere

multicellularity

a feature of the animal kingdom (kingdom animalia) where organisms have complex bodies/complex tissue structures

heterotrophy

a feature of the animal kingdom (kingdom animalia) where organisms obtain energy and organic molecules by ingesting other organisms

connective tissues

cells embedded in an extracellular matrix (ex: bone, cartilage)

epithelial tissues

tissues that cover, line, protect and secrete

nervous tissue

tissues that coordinate movement

muscle tissue

tissues that power locomotion

syngamy

fertilization

parthenogenesis

production of unfertilized eggs without a male organism

cleavage

series of mitotic cell divisions that occurs during early development after a zygote forms

blastula

a migration of cells into a hollow ball that occurs during early development after a zygote forms

blastocoel

the internal cavity of a blastula

Week 1 of Early Development

a zygote begins as 1 cell that is diploid; by the end of this week it is a blastocyst

blastocyst

an undifferentiated cell mass; “ball of cells”

Week 2 of Early Development

the blastocyst becomes an embryoblast and trophoblast, this will eventually further become differentiated into a placenta; “The Week of Two’s”

embryoblast

an organization of the cells during week 2 of early development that divide into an epiblast and hypoblast which eventually become a placenta

trophoblast

an organization of the cells during week 2 of early development that divide into a syncitiotrophoblast and cytotrophoblast which eventually become a placenta

Week 3 of Early Development

when the embryoblast divides into the epiblast and hypoblast the cells begin forming the germ layers in the order of endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm via the epiblast diving under itself(gastrulation and organogenesis)

gastrulation

the formation of germ layers

endoderm

the first germ layer formed during gastrulation during week 3 of early development; epithelium are formed from this germ layer

epithelium

the internal lining of the visceral structures formed from the endoderm

1. lungs

2. esophagus

3. stomach

4. small intestine

5. cecum

6. large intestine

7. rectum

structures derived from the endoderm

mesoderm

the second germ layer formed during gastrulation during week 3 of early development; connective tissues are derived from this germ layer

1. tendons

2. ligaments

3. bone

4. muscle

5. blood

6. spleen

7. kidneys

8. heart

structures derived from the mesoderm

ectoderm

the third germ layer formed during gastrulation during week 3 of early development; everything (in the body) that makes contact with the outside world is derived from this germ layer

1. hair

2. skin

3. nails

4. nervous system (CNS & PNS)

5. anus

structures derived from the ectoderm

Parazoa

animals that do not have any true tissues or symmetry; one of the two major groups animals are divided into; only 1 phyla falls under this (that we’ve covered)

Metazoa/Eumetazoa

animals with true embryonic tissues; can be divided into radiata or bilateria based on symmetry and further divided into protostomes, deuterostomes, or Platyhelminthes if they are bilateria

diploblasts

animals that have an ectoderm and endoderm; they also have radial symmetry

triploblasts

animals that have an ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm; they also have bilateral symmetry

coelom

body cavity derived from mesoderm

plural fluid

fluid in the thoracic cavity

peritoneal fluid

fluid within the abdominal cavity

blastopore

opening in a blastocyst

Protostomes

organisms where the blastopore becomes the mouth; organisms also have complete digestive systems (coelomates)

Deuterostomes

organisms where the blastopore becomes the anus; organisms also have complete digestive systems (coelomates)

Cambrian period

one of the most rapid periods in animal evolution

Permian-Triassic boundary

the greatest extinction event

Cretaceous-Paleogene (Tertiary) boundary

when dust from large meteorite impact near Yucatan plus volcanic activity occured

Radiata

animals with radial symmetry and are diploblastic (have ectoderm and endoderm)

Bilateria

animals with bilateral symmetry and are triploblastic (have ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm)

Porifera

• parazoans

• asymmetrical

• no germ layers/true tissues

• young/youth = mobile

• adults = sessile

• have no digestive, respiratory, circulatory, reproductive or nervous system

• reproduce via budding or are hermaphroditic

• sponges

osculum

the structure where water exits in Porifera (sponges)

ostia

pores in Porifera (sponges)

choanocyte

a structure that generates water current and filters food particles from water in Porifera (sponges)

porocyte

a structure that controls water flow through ostia in Porifera (sponges)

Cnidaria

• radiata

• medusa and polyp body plans

• possess a gastrovascular cavity with one opening (mouth + anus)

• have cnidocytes that contain nematocysts that function to sting

• have primitive nervous system (nerve net)

• jellyfish

• has 4 Classes under it

1. Anthozoa

2. Scyphozoa

3. Cubozoa

4. Hydrozoa

Classes of Cnidaria

Anthozoa

• under Cnidaria

• have only polyp body plan (are sessile)

Scyphozoa

• under Cnidaria

• prominent medusa body plan

• your typical jellyfish

Cubozoa

• under Cnidaria

• most dangerous of all the cnidarians

• “box jelly”

Hydrozoa

• under Cnidaria

• have both polyp and medusa body plans

Ctenophora

• radiata

• do not have cnidocytes

• have a complete gut (no gastrovascular cavity)

• “comb jellies”

Platyhelminthes

• bilateria

• have gastrovascular cavity

• possess flame cells as a primitive excretory system

• show beginning of cephalization in animals

• “flatworms”

• has 3 Classes under it

1. Turbellaria (planaria)

2. Trematoda (flukes)

3. Cestoda (tapeworms)

Classes of Platyhelminthes

Lophotrochozoa

• protostomes

• possess a lophophore

• have a larval form called a trochophore larvae

• has 3 Phyla under it

lophophore

a structure used by Lophotrochozoa to filter feed and perform gas exchange

1. Rotifera (zooplankton)

2. Nemertea (ribbon worms)

3. Mollusca

4. Annelida (worms)

Phyla of Lophotrochozoa

Mollusca

• under Lophotrochozoa

• predominantly marine

• have mantle body plan

• have complete digestive system

• have muscular foot

• have gills for respiration

• have an open circulatory system

• have radula

• has 4 Classes under it

radula

a structure which helps to shred/scrape food for Mollusca; is part of the digestive system; out of all of Mollusca, Bivalvia does not possess this

1. Polyplacophora

2. Gastropoda

3. Bivalvia

4. Cephalopoda

Classes of Mollusca

Polyplacophora

• under Mollusca

• have radula

• have open circulatory system (hemocoel) with hemolymph inside

hemocoel

cavity containing organs and hemolymph in an open circulatory system

hemolymph

fluid inside a hemocoel (open circulatory system—not blood btw)

Gastropoda

• under Mollusca

• can have shells that can either be planospiral or conispiral in shape

  • those with shells can have torsion to pull their posterior structures into their shell

• considered terrestrial

• snails, slugs, conchs, nudibranchs

Bivalvia

• under Mollusca

• only class under Phylum Mollusca without a radula

• are “filter feeders”

• can create pearls by depositing calcareous nacre around foreign particles

• clams, oysters, scallops

Cephalopoda

• under Mollusca

• have a closed circulatory system

• can change color/display vivid coloration

  • escaping predators (defense)

  • finding mates (fitness/reproduction)

• “head-foot”

• octopus, squid, nautilus

Annelida

• under Lophotrochozoa

• have complete digestive system

• have closed circulatory system

• worms—most advanced

• has 3 Classes under it

1. Oligiochaeta (earthworm)

2. Hirudinea (leeches)

3. Polychaeta (marine worm)

Classes of Annelida

Ecdysozoa

• protostomes

• animals in this superphylum have an external covering called a cuticle that molts (ecdysis)

• has 2 Phyla under it

1. Nematoda

2. Arthropoda

Phyla of Ecdysozoa

Nematoda

• under Ecdysozoa

• pseudocoelomates

• many are parasitic (heartworm bleh)

Arthropoda

• under Ecdysozoa

• possess an exoskeleton made of chitin

• have an open circulatory system

• have a hemocoel

• has 4 Subphylums under it

1. Hexapoda

2. Myriapoda

3. Crustacea

4. Chelicerata

Subphylums of Arthropoda

Hexapoda

• under Arthropoda

• have 6 legs, includes insects

• respiration via openings in exoskeleton (spiracles)

Myriapoda

• under Arthropoda

• chilopods (centipedes; 1 set of legs per segment) fall under this Subphylum

  • are carnivores

• diplopoda (millipedes; 2 sets of legs per segment) fall under this Subphylum

  • are herbivores

Crustacea

• under Arthropoda

• have a covering called a carapace

• crabs, lobsters

Chelicerata

• under Arthropoda

• have chelicerae

• spiders, horseshoe crabs

chelicerae

claw-like or fang-like mouth parts (like spider fangs) possessed by Chelicerata

Echinodermata

• deuterostomes

• “spiny skinned” animals

• larval forms have bilateral symmetry

• adults exhibit pentaradial symmetry

• capable of regeneration

• possess a nerve ring

• lack a head region (no cephalization)

• has 5 Classes under it

1. Asteroidea (starfish)

2. Ophiuroidea (brittle stars)

3. Echinoidea (sea urchins and sand dollars)

4. Crinoidea (sea lilies)

5. Holothuroidea (sea cucumbers)

Classes of Echinodermata

Asteroidea

• under Echinodermata

• “tube feet”

  • on oral side

  • for locomotion

  • for feeling (touch sensory)

• each arm has a radial nerve

• asexual reproduction via fragmentation

• starfish